Excess travelling—what does it mean? New definition and a case study of excess commuters in Tyne and Wear, UK

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 1 Factors identified as causing excess travel in the literature

Author	Factors causing excess travel
Hamilton [2]	Topography of cities
	Multiworker household
	Heterogeneous housing & jobs
	Other travel
	Travel time v. distance
King and Mast [5]	Route selection
	In the highway information system
	Route following skills
	Route planning
	Efficiencies in necessary route planning information
Merriman et al. [7]	Multiworker HH (“multiple-worker families”)
Merriman et al. [7]	Tax subsides to transport cost
Frost et al. [1]	Decentralisation of employees
Mokhtarian and Salomon [8]	Activities that can be conducted while travelling
Mokhtarian and Salomon [8]	The activity of travelling itself
Rodriguez [10]	Spatial choices
	Factors at individual scale
	Factors at occupational scale
	Factors at metropolitan scale
Ma and Banister [6]	Multiworker household
	Tenancy
	Uncertainty of job location
	Rapid job turnover
	Decreasing importance of commuting
	Social factors
	Transport policy
	Geographical boundaries
Horner and O’Kelly [3]	Context of other activities
Jain and Lyons [4]	The need for transition time