Table 5 The alternative solutions for error 1. Driving too fast when approaching an unexpected bend on rural road (error 1). Resulting in: Run-off road or head-on accidents due to inappropriate speed in unexpected bends

Impaired visibility of the road (at night, fog, rain)

A. Head Up display showing road curvature

Rural, Highway, all drivers all vehicles all traffic and bad visibility conditions

GPS info, head up display

Only Infra (TMC)^a

Impaired visibility of the road (at night, fog, rain)

B. Light sensitive sensors (solar cell based) helping the driver to see the edge and centre lines. Running light inserted in the road surface

Rural, all drivers all vehicles all traffic conditions—all weather especially reduced visibility conditions

Light sensitive sensors (solar cells based) will help the driver to see the edge and centre lines.

Only Infra (Road design)

Unexpected sharp bends

C. Unexpected sharp bends are registered in a digital map of the navigationsystem and presented to the driver

Rural, Highway

GPS^b info, digital map and HMI^c

Only Vehicle

Vehicle approaching bend at high speed

D. Vehicle is “analysed” (e.g. speed), VMS signalize the danger of the bend depending on the actual speed

Rural, Highway

Speed sensors and VMS^d display

Only Infra (TMC)

Unexpected sharp bends or other road characteristics

E. Electronic beacons (special reflexion posts) give additional information on displays in the vehicle about the road (e.g. warning: sharp bend)

Rural, Highway

Infra → Vehicle