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Table 3 Measures to discourage the use of road transportation adopted in “minimum”, “trend” and “consensus” scenarios. Source: [32], elaborated
From: A heuristic method for determining CO2 efficiency in transportation planning
Minimum | Trend | Consensus | |
|---|---|---|---|
Measures to discourage the use of road transportation | |||
Road costs per km | Current costs | Current costs | +30% in comparison with other scenarios |
Road tolls (passengers) | No tolls related to the covered distance; no urban tolls | No tolls related to the covered distance; no urban tolls | No tolls related to the covered distance. Introduction of urban tolls. General costs +15% in comparison with other scenarios |
Road costs (freight) | Highway tolls under infrastructural costs up to 2015 | Highway tolls at the same level as infrastructural costs up to 2015 | Highway tolls higher than infrastructural costs (+15% in comparison with trend scenario); harmonization of tolls in all the Alpine arc |
Road traffic ban | No ban along Brenner highway, maintenance of Sunday and nocturnal bans, use of dosage systems | No ban along Brenner highway, maintenance of Sunday and nocturnal bans, use of dosage systems | Implementation of social and security prescriptions, no ban along Brenner highway, maintenance of Sunday and nocturnal bans, use of dosage systems |
Speed-limits | No changes | No changes | More controls, reductions of a good 8% |
Tax on mineral oil | Uniform tax rate on all the EU countries based on present value | Uniform tax rate on all the EU countries based on present value | Uniform tax rate on all the EU countries higher than present value; introduction of an eco-tax |
Enforcement of roads | Enforcement of highways (but not along Alps) | Enforcement of highways (but not along Alps) | Investments only for national programs or for TEN-T to reduce bottlenecks |