Table 5 Reviewed preference valuation studies

Beggs and Cardell [13]

EV

Price, operating cost, range, recharging time, performance, size and air conditioning.

CM

Small market share of EVs as a result of high negative valuation of limited range and long recharging times.

Baltimore (US)

Beggs et al. [14]

EV

Price, operating cost, range, recharging time, performance, size and air conditioning.

CM

Small market share of EVs as a result of range anxiety and long recharging times.

Baltimore (US)

Calfee [24]

EV

Price, operating cost, range, top speed, number of seats

CM

Great heterogeneity in consumer trade-offs among vehicle attributes, with range and top speed being generally highly valued.

US

Bunch et al. [23]

P, methanol, NG, EV

Purchase price, fuel cost, range, performance, fuel availability and vehicle emissions.

CM

Consumers are willing to pay more for vehicles with reduced emission levels.

California (US)

Segal [79]

EV

Recharging/refuelling, range, fuel attributes and cost of the vehicle

CM

Low market share of EVs as a result of high purchase price and inconvenience after sale.

California (US)

Sperling et al. [81]

Methanol

Higher octane, less pollution and more power.

CV

Higher WTP for clean fuels than for more power, if the cost burden is shared by all.

New York and California (US)

Brownstone et al. [21]

AFV

Purchase price, range, refuelling cost and time, service station refuelling time, service station availability, acceleration time, top speed, tailpipe emissions, vehicle size, body type and luggage space.

CM

High income households are likely to purchase high-priced vehicles, 2-vehicle households with children under 21 years expose a greater WTP for emission reduction than households without children and vehicle range is a very important concern when purchasing AFVs.

California (US)

Chéron and Zins [27]

EV

Range, maximum speed, recharging time and cost and delay in case of dead battery.

CM

No viable market for EVs unless driving range and recharging time are comparable to conventional gasoline vehicles. These factors can be hardly compensated by greater cleanliness.

Montréal (Canada)

Greene [42]

AFV

Purchase price, fuel price, fuel availability

CV

The transition from initial market development to a mature market requires a minimum of 10 to 20 % (of conventional gasoline stations) AFV refuelling stations.

US

Ewing and Sarigöllü [33]

EV, fuel-efficient, conventional

Purchase price, repair and maintenance cost, range, refuelling time, acceleration, commuting time and cost, polluting emissions.

CM

Large market potential for cleaner fuel-efficient vehicles and EVs if they can compete with conventional vehicles in price and performance.

Montreal (Canada)

Tompkins et al. [87]

NG/propane, Alcohol, EV, gasoline

List of 26 attributes manipulated by an experimental design.

CM

People are willing to pay a significant amount to reduce emissions and save on gas.

Continental US

Brownstone et al. [22]

P, EV, methanol, CNG

Purchase price, range, refuelling cost and time, service station refuelling time, service station availability, acceleration time, top speed, tailpipe emissions, vehicle size, body type and luggage space.

CM

There exists a large heterogeneity in consumer preferences for AFVs. Respondents preferred CNG and methanol to gasoline, only college-educated respondents preferred EVs.

California (US)

Ewing and Sarigöllü [34]

AFVs

Purchase price, repair and maintenance cost, cruising range, refuelling time, cceleration and polluting emissions.

CM

Although strong preferences were found for AFVs, vehicle performance characteristics are critical for their acceptance.

Montreal (Canada)

Dagsvik et al. [29]

EV, LPG, HEV, P

Purchase price, driving range between refuelling/recharging, top speed and fuel consumption.

CM

Low WTP for AFVs unless the infrastructure for maintenance and refuelling, purchase price and driving range become fully competitive compared to conventional gasoline vehicles.

Norway (EU)

Mourato et al. [65]

HFCV

Range, acceleration, top speed, noise, emissions, electrical equipment, internal dimensions, boot space, safety, refuelling costs and refuelling stations.

CV

Despite environmental concern and a supportive attitude towards green cars, the WTP in the short term was mainly determined by financial considerations. Environmental considerations and knowledge of technology were found to affect long-term purchasing decisions.

London (EU)

Horne et al. [49]

NG, HEV, HFCV, P

Capital cost, operating cost, fuel availability, express lane access, emissions data and power.

CM

High market share prediction for HEVs and HFCVs, if all attributes are equal.

Canada

Lundquist Noblet et al. [60]

Eco-labeled cars

Income, annualised price, annual driving cost, pollution criteria, faith in orders, perceived consumer effectiveness, perceived compromise needed when buying greener vehicles, knowledge on link between air quality degradation and vehicle emissions and air quality concern.

CM

Environmental attributes of an eco-labeled car are significant in the purchase decision. Eco-information is considered in the vehicle purchase decision, but not at class-level decision. Individuals with different perceptions and norms react differently to eco-information.

Maine (Canada)

Potoglou and Kanaroglou [72]

HEV, AFV, P

Purchase price, annual fuel, maintenance costs, fuel availability, economic incentives, acceleration and pollution level.

CM

Individuals consider price and performance characteristics as important. They are attracted by reduced emission levels, but limited fuel availability is a major concern.

Hamilton (Canada)

Ahn et al. [3]

P, D, CNG, LPG, HEV

Fuel type, body type, maintenance cost, engine displacement, fuel efficiency and fuel price.

CM

AFVs can only gain market share if their purchase price is equal to that of a conventional vehicle. A HEV is valued as the most attractive alternative because of its low fuel costs, although this type of car has a disadvantageous purchase price.

Seoul (Asia)

Mau et al. [62]

HEV, HFCV, P

Purchase price, fuel cost, subsidy, warranty coverage, cruising range and refuelling convenience.

CM

The importance that consumers place on certain attributes changes over time as a new technology gains market share (i.e., neighbour effect). HEVs are found more acceptable than HFCV as the former provides the same service as a conventional technology whereas the latter possesses attributes that are unfamiliar to consumers.

Canada (US)

Solomon and Johnson [80]

Ethanol

WTP for ethanol made from farming residues, forestry residues, paper mill wastes and municipal solid wastes.

CV

Females, political liberals, higher income-households and environmental concern positively affect the WTP for ethanol. No statistical differences in WTP for the different feedstocks were found.

Minnesota (US)

Axsen et al. [10]

HEV, conventional

Capital cost, subsidy, performance, fuel efficiency and fuel price.

CM

WTP for HEVs is higher with a higher HEV penetration.

Canada and California (US)

Caulfield et al. [26]

HEV, AFV, conventional

Fuel costs, vehicle registration tax, CO₂ emissions.

CM

HEVs are found to be better for the environment and cheaper to run, but more expensive to buy than conventional vehicles.

Ireland (EU)

Eggers and Eggers [31]

EV, HEV, conventional

Drive train technology, range-per-battery charge and price as compared to conventional cars.

CM

Critical adoption factors for EVs are purchase price, range, timing of market entry, or environmental evolution (e.g., increasing penetration, rising gas prices, or increasing number of electric charging stations).

Germany (EU)

Jensen et al. [51]

Ethanol

Fuel price, feedstock (corn grain, switchgrass and wood wastes), fuel import, GHG emission reductions and fuel availability.

CV

Females, younger respondents and higher concern about independence from foreign energy sources positively affected the WTP for the different feedstocks. GHG emission reduction also positively influenced the WTP for E85.

US

Erdem et al. [32]

HEV

WTP for HEV

CV

Income, educational level, environmental concern, risk attitudes, gender and perception of alternative energy sources have a positive impact on the WTP for a HEV.

Turkey (EU)

Petrolia et al. [68]

Ethanol and P

WTP for E10 and E85

CV

WTP for E10 is lower for older respondents, for those who prefer public transit options and those who prefer non-ethanol-fuelled vehicle alternatives, but higher for those with higher education levels.

US