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Table 3 Average pseudo elasticities
From: Bus accident severity and passenger injury: evidence from Denmark
Variable | Categories | Damage only | Light injury | Severe injury | Fatal injury |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bus driver’s age | 24 years old or less | −10.3 % | 8.5 % | 52.2 % | 66.3 % |
25 years old or morea | – | – | – | – | |
Bus driver’s maneuver | Going straighta | – | – | – | – |
Turning right | 15.4 % | −29.6 % | −39.4 % | −44.2 % | |
Turning left | 5.9 % | −10.8 % | −15.8 % | −18.3 % | |
Standing | 17.1 % | −33.1 % | −43.9 % | −49.1 % | |
Bus driver’s maneuver at intersection | Red or yellow light crossed | −5.9 % | 10.2 % | 16.0 % | 19.2 % |
Right of way | −10.2 % | 16.8 % | 28.5 % | 35.4 % | |
No traffic controla | – | – | – | – | |
Third party involved | Pedestrian | −77.4 % | 86.1 % | 247.0 % | 375.2 % |
Cyclist | −53.7 % | 51.6 % | 184.2 % | 230.0 % | |
Moped | −54.6 % | 44.3 % | 182.2 % | 338.0 % | |
Motorcycle | −46.1 % | 43.9 % | 150.7 % | 256.3 % | |
Cara | – | – | – | – | |
Van | −4.3 % | 7.3 % | 11.7 % | 14.2 % | |
Heavy vehicles | −15.1 % | 23.4 % | 43.2 % | 55.7 % | |
Object | −13.7 % | 21.8 % | 38.7 % | 49.1 % | |
Third party’s age | Less than 45 years olda | – | – | – | – |
45–54 years old | −12.0 % | 21.2 % | 32.4 % | 38.5 % | |
55–64 years old | −10.1 % | 17.8 % | 27.4 % | 32.5 % | |
65 years old or more | −12.0 % | 1.2 % | 43.0 % | 121.5 % | |
Third party’s behavior | Alcohol consumption | −24.4 % | 60.3 % | 54.5 % | 21.7 % |
No restraint use | −8.8 % | 11.9 % | 26.6 % | 37.8 % | |
Third party’s maneuver | Going straighta | – | – | – | – |
Turning right | 17.1 % | −33.5 % | −43.5 % | −48.3 % | |
Turning left | 6.6 % | −11.7 % | −17.7 % | −21.0 % | |
Standing and parking | 12.4 % | −23.6 % | −31.8 % | −35.8 % | |
Other party’s maneuver at intersection | Red or yellow light crossed | −14.3 % | 22.6 % | 40.8 % | 52.0 % |
Right of way | −7.9 % | 13.2 % | 21.8 % | 26.8 % | |
No traffic controla | – | – | – | – | |
Speed limit | 50 km/h or lessa | – | – | – | – |
60–70 km/h | −10.1 % | 31.1 % | 5.5 % | 81.4 % | |
80 km/h or more | −27.4 % | 55.7 % | 39.5 % | 277.2 % | |
Surface conditions | Drya | – | – | – | – |
Slippery (wet, snow, ice) | −5.0 % | 8.7 % | 13.4 % | 16.0 % | |
Land use | Residential | 5.3 % | −9.3 % | −14.2 % | −16.8 % |
Commercial | 7.2 % | −13.2 % | −19.0 % | −21.9 % | |
Industrial | 12.7 % | −24.2 % | −32.9 % | −37.2 % | |
Open areasa | – | – | – | – | |
Time of day | 06–09a | – | – | – | – |
09–15 | −7.7 % | 13.3 % | 20.9 % | 25.1 % | |
15–18 | 4.0 % | −7.2 % | −10.8 % | −12.7 % | |
18–06 | −5.3 % | −25.1 % | 42.9 % | 82.7 % | |
Year-specific effects | 2002a | – | – | – | – |
2003 | 7.0 % | −12.9 % | −18.6 % | −21.5 % | |
2004 | −2.5 % | 4.3 % | 6.7 % | 8.1 % | |
2005 | 13.3 % | −25.3 % | −34.5 % | −39.0 % | |
2006 | 4.2 % | −7.6 % | −11.2 % | −13.1 % | |
2007 | 4.4 % | −8.0 % | −11.8 % | −13.7 % | |
2008 | 10.7 % | −20.0 % | −27.7 % | −31.6 % | |
2009 | 11.7 % | −22.1 % | −30.4 % | −34.5 % | |
2010 | 19.1 % | −72.1 % | −16.3 % | −8.6 % | |
2011 | 23.5 % | −71.2 % | −29.5 % | −81.2 % | |
Area-specific effects | Copenhagena | – | – | – | – |
Sealand | −2.4 % | 4.2 % | 6.6 % | 7.9 % | |
North Jutland | −17.7 % | 27.0 % | 51.0 % | 66.4 % | |
MidJutland | −17.7 % | 28.0 % | 50.2 % | 64.0 % | |
South Jutland | 0.1 % | −0.2 % | −0.4 % | −0.4 % | |
Fyn | −6.0 % | 10.2 % | 16.6 % | 20.2 % |