Table 1 Studied literature for the proposed hypothesis of FCO

(1) Aircraft operations (AO)

 • Fuel tankering (AOA)

 • Fuel weight (AOB)

 • Stage length (AOC)

 • Payload weight (AOD)

 • Aircraft altitude (AOE)

 • Aircraft speed (AOF)

 • Aircraft extra weight (AOG)

Arushi and Drews [4], Airbus [10, 12], Stolzer [11], Majka et al. [13], Pilati [20], Dewees and Waverman [21], Greene [22], Whitehead [6], ICAO [26, 27], IATA [25], IEA [28], Vankan et al. [36], Green [23], Penner [33], CCC [17], Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15], Lee et al. [30], Lee [31], Babikian et al. [34]; Bows and Anderson [60]; Filippone [45]; Collins [16]; Nash [39]; Bush [61]; Miller et al. [62]; Darnell and Loflin [38]; Goldsmith [63]; Turgut [64]; Turgut and Rosen [65]; Egbert Torenbeek [66]; Viscotchi [67]; Sachs [68]; Schilling [69]; Fan [44]; Stroup and Wollmer [40]; Abdelghany et al. [42]; Lathasree and Sheethal [70]; Mazraati [71]; Mazraati and Alyousif [50]; Zouein et al. [41]; Peeters et al. [72]; Covey et al. [43]; Root [73]; Archibald and Reece [74]; Andrew [75]; Olsthoorn [76]; Komalirani and Rutool [77]

(2) Aircraft technology & design (ATD)

 • Engine types (ATDA)

 • Lift/drag (ATDB)

 • Engine by pass ratio (ATDC)

 • Design range (ATDD)

 • Engine thrust (ATDE)

 • New aircraft (ATDF)

 • Structural weight (ATDG)

Arushi and Drews [4]; Whitehead [6]; Greene [22]; ICAO [26, 27]; IATA [25]; IEA [28]; Vankan et al. [36]; Green [23]; Penner [33]; CCC [17]; Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15]; Lee et al. [30]; Lee [31]; Bows and Anderson [60]; Alonso et al. [8]; Simões and Schaeffer [78]; McDonald et al. [79]; Constant [80]; Denning [81]; Sachs [68]; Sweet [82]; Harvey et al. [83]; Szodruch et al. [84]; Mazraati and Alyousif [50]; Mazraati and Alyousif [50]; Mazraati [71]; Antonie and Kroo [85]; Peeters et al. [73]; Archibald and Reece [74]; Henderson [49]; Megan and Mark [86]; Morrison [46]; Wilson and Paxson [87]; Olsthoorn [76]; Komalirani and Rutool [77]

(3) Socio-economic & political issues (SEP)

 • Fuel price (SEPA)

 • Ticket price (SEPB)

 • Aircraft scheduling (SEPC)

 • Government regulations (SEPD)

 • Charges & taxes (SEPE)

Drake [29]; Arushi and Drews [4]; ICAO [26, 27]; IATA [25]; IEA [28]; Penner [33]; CCC [17]; Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15]; Lee [31]; Craig and Smith [18]; Sweet [82]; Harvey et al. [83]; Brueckner and Zhang [88]; Vespermann and Wald [89]; Szodruch et al. [84]; Mazraati [71]; Megan and Mark [86]; Morrison [46]; Olsthoorn [76]; Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15]

(4) Aviation infrastructural area (AI)

 • Runway (AIA)

 • Weather conditions (AIB)

 • Flight profile (AIC)

 • Terminal area (AID)

 • Block hours (AIE)

 • Taxiway (AIF)

 • Fuel procurement (AIG)

Kazda and Caves [54]; Hubbard [24]; Correia and Alves [53]; Arushi and Drews [4]; ICAO [26, 27]; IATA [25]; IEA [28]; Penner [33]; CCC [17]; Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15]; Babikian et al. [34]; Miller et al. [62]; Van Cleave [52]; Austin and Hogan [51]; Mazraati [71]; Mazraati and Alyousif [73]; Olsthoorn [76]

(5) Alternate fuels & fuel properties (AFP)

 • Boiling point (AFPA)

 • Alternate fuel type (AFPB)

 • Energy content (AFPC)

 • Density (AFPD)

Arushi and Drews [4]; Veziroglu and Barbir [37]; ICAO [27]; IATA [25]; IEA [28]; Green [23]; Penner [33]; CCC [17]; Singh and Sharma [35], Singh et al. [14, 15]; Lee et al. [30] Lee [31]; Tsuchida et al. [32]; Mensch et al. [90]; Simões and Schaeffer [78]; Chevron [91]; AFQRJOS [92]; Contreras et al. [93]; Pruitt & Hardy [94]; Dell and Bridger [95]; Daggett et al. [96, 97]; Nygren et al. [98]; Turgut and Rosen [99]; Berry et al. [100]; Goodger [101]; Wang and Oehlschlaeger [102]; Hileman et al. [59]; Price [56]; Blakey et al. [103]; Blazowski [104]; Olsthoorn [76]; Komalirani and Rutool [77]