Table 2 Summary of typical flexible pavement defects and remote sensing methods for assessment

Surface Cracking

[40, 65, 127, 140]

[37]

[131]

[40, 71, 146]

[53]

[53]

[6, 18, 40, 65, 71]

[2, 3, 6, 18, 142]

[126, 128, 129]

[126, 129, 131]

[39, 101, 143, 146]

[76, 128]

[62, 79, 86, 94, 97]

Fatigue Cracking

[42, 127, 140, 142]

[121]

[71, 145, 146]

[6, 71, 129, 138, 145]

[3, 6, 39, 110, 120]

[129, 138]

[76, 148]

[79, 101, 143, 146]

[62, 76, 94, 97, 148]

Movement Cracking

[6, 127, 140, 142]

[71, 129, 146]

[6, 71, 76, 129, 148]

[3, 39, 110, 120]

[79, 101, 143, 146]

[62, 76, 94, 97, 148]

Potholes

[3, 65, 74, 142]

[19]

[71, 73, 138, 146]

[71, 138]

[68, 144, 146]

[75, 111, 124]

Rutting

[3, 40, 142, 149]

[121]

[64]

[40, 71]

[59, 73, 138]

[121]

[40, 71, 138]

Shoving

[73]

Raveling

[82]

[53, 54]

[54]

[82]

Polished asphalt

[3, 6, 114, 147]

[83, 118]

[102]

[71, 103]

[7, 21, 54]

[54, 102]

[6, 7, 71]