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Table 4 External factors
From: Sulphur emission control areas and transport strategies -the case of Sweden and the forest industry
Factor | Relevance | Determinants |
|---|---|---|
Price of crude oil | Affects price of fuel and heavily affects cost for shipping and road transport | E.g. politics, regional conflicts, economic situation |
Price increased to specific fuels | The price of LSFO is sensitive to supply shortages | Demand and refineries’ production capacity |
Currencies | Cost of fuel. Forest industry profitability and ability to absorb increased transport prices. | Economic situation and politics. |
Supply and demand of alternative solutions (LNG, methanol, scrubbers) | Availability of alternatives and associated costs. | Motives, incentives, and subsidies for investments and innovation |
Port infrastructure and other technology | Availability of alternatives and associated costs. | Motives, incentives, and subsidies for investments and innovation |
Capacity of rail, road, and terminals. | Opportunity for modal shift and costs of alternative modes of transport. | Infrastructure investments, internalisation of external costs. |