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Table 1 List and brief summaries of the Zensos, (Own translation based on [21])

From: Japan’s transport planning at national level, natural disasters, and their interplays

No

Year

Govt. agency

Main objectives

Target year

Key development method / strategy

1

1962

EPA

Developments balanced among regions.

1970

Decentralizing industrial locations, developing new industrial centers

2

1969

EPA

Creating enriched environment

1985

Large projects such as Shinkansen and Expressways to adjust regional balance

3

1977

NLA

Creating comprehensive and integrated environment for human lives

“Approx. 10 years since 1977” (1987)

Regional developments to realize balances among the regions and to create comprehensive and integrated living environments

4

1987

NLA

Building multi-polar decentralized land

“Approx. 12 years later” (around 2000)

Networking within and among regions by (1) infrastructures, (2) national development for transport and communication infrastructures, and (3) providing various networking possibilities.

5

1998

NLA

Basis for forming multi-axis land structure

2010–2015

(1) nature-rich living environments, (2) Urban renovation of large cities, (3) Clusters among regions, (4) Extensive internationally networked area.