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Table 2 Overview of parameters to determine operational and external costs. Source: [47]
From: Simulation of B2C e-commerce distribution in Antwerp using cargo bikes and delivery points
General parameters | |
Labour costs for drivers | €0.30 / minute |
Average time per delivery | 2.5 min |
Probability that a delivery fails | 11% |
Parameters for delivery tours by van | |
Driving speed in the city | 17 km / h |
Capacity limit of a van | 300 parcels |
Operational costs of delivery van | €0.18 / km |
Stem mileage per delivery tour | 10 km |
Time limit for a delivery tour within the city | 6 h |
Time required for activities before and after a delivery tour | 2 h |
Parameter for delivery tours by cargo bikes | |
Driving speed in the city | 12 km / h |
Capacity limit | 10 parcels |
Parameters to compute external costs (only applies to distance driven by cars and vans) | |
Emissions | €0.11 / km |
Noise | €0.05 / km |
Congestion | €0.49 / km |