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Table 3 External cost impacts per retail logistics solution and category of external costs (urban context) (in €)

From: Sustainability assessment of retail logistics solutions using external costs analysis: a case-study for the city of Antwerp

		Business as-is	UCC	Tethering	Shared bus
External costs	Accidents	0.516	0.560	0.490	0.630
	Air pollution	0.486	0.304	0.266	0.342
	Climate change	0.030	0.032	0.028	0.036
	Congestion	1.823	0.960	0.840	1.080
	Infrastructure	0.516	0.448	0.392	0.504
	Noise	0.865	0.911	0.797	1.025

Source: own elaboration based on [20]

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