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Table 4 Sustainability assessment of the four urban retail logistics conceptsa

From: Sustainability assessment of retail logistics solutions using external costs analysis: a case-study for the city of Antwerp

      

Business as-is

UCC

Tethering scenario

Shared bus

Environment

External costs

Goals

Indicator

Definition

Impact

Units

    
 

Air pollution

Total health/medical costs, crop losses, building damages, etc. caused by the impacts of air pollution

    
 

x

 

0.125

0.132

0.115

0.148

PM

 

0.023

0.025

0.022

0.028

2

 

0.118

0.125

0.109

0.140

Mitigate the climate change impacts

Climate change

All costs that refer to the impacts of the climate change and can be expressed either as damage costs or as avoidance costs

0.015

0.016

0.014

0.018

 

2

 

0.024

0.025

0.022

0.029

Minimize noise nuisance

Noise

Total costs of noise nuisance (social and economic costs like any restrictions on enjoyment of desired leisure activities, discomfort or inconvenience) and health damage costs (hearing damage, cardiovascular diseases, etc).

0.865

0.911

0.797

1.025

Society

  

Environmental sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution

0,703

0,497

1000

0,000

Increase road safety

Accidents

All direct and indirect costs of an accident (material costs, medical costs, production losses, etc)

0.516

0.560

0.490

0.630

Reduce space scarcity and accessibility for road users

Congestion (Additional costs in urban areas)

All costs for traffic users and society (time, reliability, operation, missed economic activities) caused by high traffic densities

1.823

0.960

0.840

1.080

Ensure acceptable quality of road infrastructure

Infrastructure damage

Costs of repair, compensation and restoration of the damages caused by transport and logistics operations to transport infrastructure

0.516

0.448

0.392

0.504

 

Increase urban livability

Attractiveness of the urban environmentb

Attractiveness of urban environment is defined as the perception of attractiveness of the urban context before and after the interventions in terms of visual intrusion, physical nuisance, accessibility and other dimensions that fall under the umbrella of urban livability as perceived by road users and citizens

+

%

0

−1

0

−1

 

Ensure ample space provision for logistical operations without sacrificing the road user high quality mobility

Space occupancy

Space occupancy is defined as the amount of space (m2) that is assigned for logistics operations in a given area (it includes all kind of logistics activities such as consolidation, transshipment, pick-up, etc)

m2

0

4000

2000

5000

   

Societal sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution

0,562

0,426

0,920

0,171

Economy

 

Reduce profit loss

Costs of Decay of goods - (urban context)c

For sensitive goods like FMCG, it regards the non-out-of-pocket costs that are derived along the transport chain and are assigned by shippers. They are associated mainly with the value of transported goods

159,2

88,0

80,8

119,2

Internal costs

Mitigate operational logistics costs

Handling costsd

Total handling costs are defined as the ones that refer to the expenses, both for personnel and equipment, that are generated from handling activities taking place at the transshipment points

64,714

87,905

94,582

114,494

   

Economic sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution

0,500

0,721

0,700

0,255

Transport

 

Maximize transportation efficiency

Line-haul distance covered

The total distance of a single roundtrip that excludes the urban context transport

km

42,5

43,5

37,5

45

 

Distance made within urban context for last-mile deliveries

The distance of a single roundtrip that includes only the transport leg carried out within urban context

km

15,19

16

14

18

 

Upgrade level of service

Punctuality of deliveries

Punctuality is defined as the percentage of delivery times that are within an acceptable time slot or time window

+

%

0

5

10

−5

   

Transport sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution

0,456

0,456

1000

0,000

   

Overall sustainability per urban retail logistics solution

55,53%

52,48%

90,50%

10,66%

  1. aData refers to delivery trips or the part of them that is carried out within an urban context unless otherwise noted
  2. bIndicator value ϵ [−2,2]
  3. cData calculate in and derived from [21]