An Open Access Journal
Business as-is | UCC | Tethering scenario | Shared bus | |||||||
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Environment | External costs | Goals | Indicator | Definition | Impact | Units | ||||
Air pollution | Total health/medical costs, crop losses, building damages, etc. caused by the impacts of air pollution | – | € | |||||||
NΟx | – | € | 0.125 | 0.132 | 0.115 | 0.148 | ||||
PM | – | € | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.022 | 0.028 | ||||
SΟ2 | – | € | 0.118 | 0.125 | 0.109 | 0.140 | ||||
Mitigate the climate change impacts | Climate change | All costs that refer to the impacts of the climate change and can be expressed either as damage costs or as avoidance costs | – | € | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.018 | ||
CΟ2 | – | € | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.022 | 0.029 | ||||
Minimize noise nuisance | Noise | Total costs of noise nuisance (social and economic costs like any restrictions on enjoyment of desired leisure activities, discomfort or inconvenience) and health damage costs (hearing damage, cardiovascular diseases, etc). | – | € | 0.865 | 0.911 | 0.797 | 1.025 | ||
Society | Environmental sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution | 0,703 | 0,497 | 1000 | 0,000 | |||||
Increase road safety | Accidents | All direct and indirect costs of an accident (material costs, medical costs, production losses, etc) | – | € | 0.516 | 0.560 | 0.490 | 0.630 | ||
Reduce space scarcity and accessibility for road users | Congestion (Additional costs in urban areas) | All costs for traffic users and society (time, reliability, operation, missed economic activities) caused by high traffic densities | – | € | 1.823 | 0.960 | 0.840 | 1.080 | ||
Ensure acceptable quality of road infrastructure | Infrastructure damage | Costs of repair, compensation and restoration of the damages caused by transport and logistics operations to transport infrastructure | – | € | 0.516 | 0.448 | 0.392 | 0.504 | ||
Increase urban livability | Attractiveness of the urban environmentb | Attractiveness of urban environment is defined as the perception of attractiveness of the urban context before and after the interventions in terms of visual intrusion, physical nuisance, accessibility and other dimensions that fall under the umbrella of urban livability as perceived by road users and citizens | + | % | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | ||
Ensure ample space provision for logistical operations without sacrificing the road user high quality mobility | Space occupancy | Space occupancy is defined as the amount of space (m2) that is assigned for logistics operations in a given area (it includes all kind of logistics activities such as consolidation, transshipment, pick-up, etc) | – | m2 | 0 | 4000 | 2000 | 5000 | ||
Societal sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution | 0,562 | 0,426 | 0,920 | 0,171 | ||||||
Economy | Reduce profit loss | Costs of Decay of goods - (urban context)c | For sensitive goods like FMCG, it regards the non-out-of-pocket costs that are derived along the transport chain and are assigned by shippers. They are associated mainly with the value of transported goods | – | € | 159,2 | 88,0 | 80,8 | 119,2 | |
Internal costs | Mitigate operational logistics costs | Handling costsd | Total handling costs are defined as the ones that refer to the expenses, both for personnel and equipment, that are generated from handling activities taking place at the transshipment points | – | € | 64,714 | 87,905 | 94,582 | 114,494 | |
Economic sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution | 0,500 | 0,721 | 0,700 | 0,255 | ||||||
Transport | Maximize transportation efficiency | Line-haul distance covered | The total distance of a single roundtrip that excludes the urban context transport | – | km | 42,5 | 43,5 | 37,5 | 45 | |
Distance made within urban context for last-mile deliveries | The distance of a single roundtrip that includes only the transport leg carried out within urban context | – | km | 15,19 | 16 | 14 | 18 | |||
Upgrade level of service | Punctuality of deliveries | Punctuality is defined as the percentage of delivery times that are within an acceptable time slot or time window | + | % | 0 | 5 | 10 | −5 | ||
Transport sustainability index per urban retail logistics solution | 0,456 | 0,456 | 1000 | 0,000 | ||||||
Overall sustainability per urban retail logistics solution | 55,53% | 52,48% | 90,50% | 10,66% |