Table 1 Site visits

Hamburg

x

x

x

x

x

x

Four modes of transport are used by logistics providers, which is why there are various branches (e.g. at the airport, at the port and at a rail junction). Not all transport modes are interconnected at the moment.

Liège

x

x

x

x

Focus on the airport on cargo, not on passengers. Intensive efforts to integrate rail into air freight. Europe’s third largest inland port.

Constanta

x

x

x

x

x

x

Pentamodal connections are advertised on homepage, but airport is not used for cargo. Transport activities carried out by private operators, port itself cannot make any statements.

Galati

x

x

x

River, sea, road, railway (European and Russian gauge) but no airport.

Rhein-Ruhr area

x

x

x

x

x

There is a connection from Duisport to Düsseldorf Airport, but it is very rarely used, air freight is only a niche business. Port of Cologne only trimodal. Generally no train connection to the airport in Cologne. No connection between port and airport.

Dubai

x

x

x

x

Dubai generally has no railway. Al Maktoum International (DWC) is a cargo airport near the port (sea-air connection). LDL Top Most Freight Solutions “offer air, sea, rail or overland under the responsibility of a single transport operator”.

Busan

x

x

x

x

x

x

Airport 17 km from the port, but aircraft is not used. Railway already used.

Cuxhaven

x

x

x

x

x

“Cuxhaven Sea-Airport” marketing name but not multimodal.

Barcelona

x

x

x

x

x

Road, port and airport but no rail connection.