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Table 2 Selected enhanced mobility types (EMT), their mobility behavior (combination of mode use and trip purpose), predominant socio-demographic characteristics and predominant availability of mobility resources

From: Developing a user typology considering unimodal and intermodal mobility behavior: a cluster analysis approach using survey data

Mobility type

Mobility behavior (resulting from cluster analyses; less than average/higher than average refers to total dataset)

Predominant socio-demographic characteristics (in % of the specific mobility type)

Predominant availability of mobility resources (in % of the specific mobility type)

I1U5 all-purpose car-user (n = 129; 12.5%)

- high unimodal use of car for all trip purposes

- complementary use of bike

- use of intermodal combinations is low

- male (58.3%)

- main age group 36–45 (24.8%) and 46–55 (25.6%)

- many working people (74.4%)

- family households (41.4%)

- often living in a decentralized neighborhood

- car availability (85.3%) and car-sharing membership (20.2%) are high

- low share of public transport passes (19.5%)

I2U2 public transport user (n = 96; 9.2%)

- high daily use of intermodal and unimodal use of public transport

- predominantly trips to work and leisure activities

- female (53.1%)

- main age group 26–35 (33.7%)

- many students and school pupils (24.0%)

- one-person households (31.3%) and couples (38.5%)

- often living in a well-connected neighborhood

- high degree of public transport passes (91.6%)

- car availability is very low (29.2%)

- car-sharing-memberships are below average (12.0%)

I3U1 intermodal car and public transport user (n = 27; 2.6%)

- often combines car and public transport, especially for shopping and private errands

- unimodal car use is high as well

- female (51.9%)

- main age group 66–75 (37.0%)

- retired (70.4%)

- many couples (59.3%)

- often living in a decentralized neighborhood

- car availability is very high (92.6%)

- only few have a public transport pass (25.9%) or car-sharing membership (3.7%)

I5U3 intermodal bike and public transport user (n = 38; 3.7%)

- often combines bike and public transport (well above average) or different means of public transport

- intermodal for many different trip purposes including trips to work

- also uses the bike unimodally, especially for shopping, leisure activities and private errands

- unimodal car use is below average

- male (55.3%),

- main age group 36–45 (24.3%)

- working (63.2%), mainly full-time (86.4% thereof)

- family households (34.2%)

- often living in an urban neighborhood

- public transport passes (83.8%) and car-sharing memberships (45.7%) to a high degree,

- car availability is quite low (34.2%)

I6U5 multimodal user(n = 20; 1.9%)

- both intermodal and unimodal usage

- use of intermodal mode combinations (pt + pt., bike + pt., car + pt) is above average for all kind of trip purposes

- additionally, high unimodal car and bike use

- female (55.0%)

- main age group 46–55 (20.0%) and 56–65 (25.0%)

- working (60.0%)

- family households (40.0%)

- often living in a decentralized neighborhood

- availability of car (55.0%) and public transport passes (61.1%) is equal on an average level

- very few have a car-sharing membership (5.3%)