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Table 3 Characteristics of safety measure studies
From: Truck-bicycle safety: an overview of methods of study, risk factors and research needs
Study | Aim | Method | Measure | Type of measure | Type of truck |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fenn et al., 2005 [24] | Assess the casualty reduction potential through compulsory fitting of close proximity blind spot mirrors to HGV | Literature review, accident analysis, vehicle analysis, surveys | Compulsory fitting - Blind spot mirrors | Legislation - Vehicle equipment | All types of HGV |
Niewoehner & Berg, 2005 [23] | Investigations into the field of view | Field tests | Mirrors, Fresnel lens | Vehicle equipment - active | Goods vehicles over 3.5 t |
Knight et al., 2006 [42] | Investigate the benefits of adopting an integrated approach to several measures | Literature review, computer simulation, spray measurement, cost-benefit calculation | Sideguards, front and rear underrun protection, spray suppression | Legislation - Vehicle equipment | HGV |
Feist et al., 2008 [43] | Evaluate several concepts | Conceptual analysis, simulation, expert panel discussion | Energy-absorbing front end | Vehicle equipment - passive | HGV |
Ahrholdt et al., 2009 [44] | Development of traffic safety application | Field test | Combined perception system | Vehicle + infrastructure equipment - active | HGV (rigid truck) |
FDS International (2010) [34]. | Evaluate behaviour related to roadside mirrors | Survey | Roadside mirror | Infrastructure equipment | LGV (long heavy vehicles) |
Cookson & Knight, 2010 [25] | Inform consideration of the effectiveness of sideguards on HGV to pedal cycle accidents | Literature review, before-after comparison, accident analysis | Sideguards | Vehicle equipment - passive | HGV |
Lausnay et al., 2011 [45] | To develop and test a means of detecting cyclists | Static and dynamic test | Wireless communication system | Vehicle equipment - active | Truck |
Lakshminarayana et al., 2011 [46] | Investigation of bicyclist kinematics during side and rear-end collisions | Simulation | Energy absorbing frontal system | Vehicle equipment - passive | HCV (Heavy Commercial Vehicle, 16 t) |
Twisk et al., 2013 [37] | Evaluate awareness programs | Experiment | Awareness program for adolescent cyclists | Education | Lorry |
Thompson et al., 2013 [47] | Develop and test a system using in-vehicle three-dimensional (3D) sound as a technique for augmenting truck drivers’ situational awareness | Experiment, field test | 3D sound | Vehicle equipment - active | Truck |
Rechnitzer & Grzebieta, 2014 [48] | Estimate the effects of side underrun protection | Summarizes the types of side-underrun systems used in Europe and Asia, Expert estimation | Side underrun protection | Legislation – vehicle equipment | Truck |
Robinson & Cuerden, 2014 [49] | Estimates the probable effect of removing exemptions and achieving full retrofitting compliance in London | Prediction | Retrofitting - Side guards and mirror | Legislation - vehicle equipment | Medium (3.5–7.5 t) and Heavy (over 7.5 t) Goods Vehicles |
Beeck & Goedeme, 2015 [50] | Develop an active safety system based solely on the vision input of the blind spot camera | Experiment | Detection and tracking framework | Vehicle equipment - active | Truck |
Miah et al., 2015 [51] | Evaluate and validate sensor accuracy | Calculation | Cyclist Alert System | Vehicle equipment - active | Heavy Vehicle |
Miah et al., 2015 [52] | Present a new concept | Experiment | Cyclist Alert System | Vehicle equipment - active | Heavy Vehicle |
Islam et al., 2015 [53] | Propose the optimal controller (using particle swarm optimization technique) | Modelling | Optimal steering control | Vehicle equipment - active | A-double combination (semi-trailer) |
Davis & White, 2015 [54] | Provide overview about means utilized | not relevant | Safety programme | Management | Construction vehicles |
Summerskill & Marshall, 2015 [55] | Redesign truck concept and evaluate direct vision | Projection technique | Improved direct vision | Vehicle design | Different types of truck cabins |
Pyykonen et al., 2015 [56] | Development of a monitoring system for assisting truck driver training | Field test | Training vehicle | Education | HGV |
Jia and Cebon, 2016 [57] | Build a prototype system and test it in real time | Field test | Collision avoidance system - ultrasonic sensors on the truck | Vehicle equipment - active | Tipper truck |
Seiniger et al., 2017 [58] | Provide knowledge for testing procedures of various driver assistance systems | Field test | Driver assistance system for blind spots | Vehicle equipment - active | Single tractor |
Richter & Sachs, 2017 [32] | Evaluate driving and gaze behaviour using turn-off assistant, suggest infrastructure measures | Experiment | Turn-off assistant | Vehicle equipment - active | Van, delivery truck, truck without trailer, semitrailer truck |
Martin et al., 2017 [59] | Evaluate cost-effectiveness of a range of clustered safety measures, identify regulatory options and future research needs | Review of technologies, systematic review of literature on safety measures, CBA calculations | Direct/indirect vision, impact protection, front underrun protection, VRU airbag | Legislation - Vehicle equipment/Design | HGV (N2 and N3 category) |