Fig. 1
From: Energy minimization for an electric bus using a genetic algorithm
Top panel: A 2 km road profile with slope variations within ±1%. The boxes represent the bus stops along the route with the final stop at the travelled distance of 2 km. The figure shows the complete profile for an entire drive cycle, from start to end, and back again. Bottom panel: A corresponding optimized speed profile, for a case with an average speed between stops of 10 km/h; see Sect. 6.1