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Table 1 Summary of the considered literature about carpooling (in the text below by order of appearance)
From: Learning from the real practices of users of a smart carpooling app
Reference | Date | Place | Sample | Method | Aim | Carpool studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bonsall, Spencer & Tang [6] | 1984 | West Yorkshire, England | 265 commuter members of the carpooling programme | Surveys, interviews | Assess the implementation of a carpooling programme | Short distance work-related |
Horowitz & Sheth [19] | 1976 | Chicago, USA | 822 commuters (323 carpoolers, 382 solo drivers, 117, public transport users) | Survey | Perceived advantages and disadvantages of carpooling | Short distance, work-related |
Richard [33] | 2011 | Nîmes, France | 67 students non-carpoolers, 105 students (54% of carpoolersa) | Surveys | Attitudes and perceived barriers | Unclear |
Debroux [14] | 2018 | France | 23 carpoolers (drivers) | Autobiographical interviews | Define the determinants of engagement in the practice of carpooling | Work-related |
Créno & Cahour [12] | 2014 | France | 25 long-distance carpoolers (6 drivers, 19 passengers) | Explicitation interviews | Characterize user experience of carpoolers (process of building trust) | Planned long distance |
Li et al. [22] | 2007 | Dallas & Houston, USA | 310 carpoolersb 4324 solo drivers | Reuse of survey data | Reasons for choosing to carpool | Short distance, work-related |
Covivo SAS & CGI [10] | 2011 | Isère, France | 488 members of the carpooling programme | Survey & usage data | Experimentation in dynamic carpooling | Short distance, mainly work-related |
Amirkiaee & Evange-lopoulos [3] | 2018 | Southwestern USA | 300 students (4% using a carpooling app) | Scenario-based survey | Role of attitudes in the intention to use carpooling | Short distance, study-related |
Delhomme & Gheorghiu [15] | 2016 | France | 1207 French drivers (52.5% of carpoolersc) | Survey | Investigate the main determinants of the use of carpooling | Unclear |
Bachmann, Hanimann & Artho [4] | 2018 | Switzerland | 342 people (181 passengers and 161 drivers | Survey | Link between attitudes and intention/carpool use | Unclear |
Margolin, Misch, & Stahr [24] | 1978 | Washington, USA | 516 people (49.6% of carpoolers) | Focus groups Surveys | Compare the carpooling attitudes of carpoolers versus solo drivers | Short distance, work-related |
Radke, et al. [32] | 2011 | Australia | A small group of persons | Interviews Focus groups | Develop an app that takes into account privacy and security | Ad hoc carpooling |
Dueker, Bair & Levin [16] | 1977 | Iowa City, USA | Sample of employees of three big companies | Synthesis of research conducted | Identify the barriers and motivations for carpooling | Short distance, work-related |
Nielsen et al. [30] | 2015 | Denmark | 47 persons (7% of carpoolersd) | Semi-structured interviews Focus groups | Elements that influence the adoption of carpooling. Define market segments. | Short distance |
Mote & Whitestone [28] | 2011 | Washington, USA | 12 slugs and drivers | Semi-structured interviews | Interest in the practice of slugging to highlight the impact of social context on transportation | Slugging (ad hoc carpooling) |
Deakin et al. [13] | 2010 | Berkeley, USA | 58 people (focus group) 444 persons (survey) | Mobility data Survey Focus groups | Providing insights about a dynamic carpooling service features | Short distance dynamic carpooling |
Chaube [8] | 2010 | Blacksburg, USA | 125 people | Survey Usability study | Understanding the perception of trust in a software carpooling application to design it | Short distance, commute-related |
Créno & Cahour [11] | 2015 | France | 25 carpoolers 25 non-carpoolers | Semi-structured and explicitation interviews | Identify the perceived risks, the sources of trust and mistrust | Planned long-distance carpooling |
Gardner & Abraham [18] | 2007 | Brighton & Hove, England | 19 car commuters | Interview | Identify reason for driving | NC |
Schaeffer et al. [35] | 1988 | USA | 46 drivers (19 carpoolers and 27 single drivers) | Physiological measures (heart rate and blood pressure) Survey Performance measurement | Measurement of the effect of morning rush hour commuting for single and carpool drivers | Short distance work-related |
Allen [2] | 2009 | USA | 6 commuters | Interview | Identify the barriers of carpooling to design an online service | Short distance commute-related |