Distributional effects of carbon taxation in passenger transport with lump-sum offset: low income households, retirees and families would benefit in Germany

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 1 Emission Factors Considered in the Study

Mode of transport	Emission factor		Source
Mode of transport	Unit	Value	Source
By foot	[g CO₂ / p-km]	0	Own assumption
Bicycle	[g CO₂ / p-km]	0	Own assumption
Car as driver	[g CO₂ / veh-km]	63–310	Own calculations, based on Ecke, Chlond [27] and Umweltbundesamt [28]
Motorcycle, moped, scooter	[g CO_{2 /} veh-km]	109	Own calculations, based on Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure [29]
Local public transit: bus	[g CO₂ / p-km]	75	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Local public transit: tram, subway	[g CO₂ / p-km]	64	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Commuter train	[g CO₂ / p-km]	60	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Long-distance bus	[g CO₂ / p-km]	32	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Long-distance train	[g CO₂ / p-km]	36	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Airplane	[g CO₂ / p-km]	201	TREMOD 5.82 [30]
Passenger ferry, cruiser	[g CO₂ / p-km]	115	Department of Environment [31]
Utility vehicle	[g CO₂ / veh-km]	372	Own calculations, based on Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure [29]