The potential of high-speed rail freight in Europe: how is a modal shift from road to rail possible for low-density high value cargo?

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 1 Country specific parameters: prices and emissions for 2030

Country	Diesel^a [EUR/kWh]	Electricity^b [EUR/kWh]	Traction electricity emissions^c [gCO₂eq/kWh]	Road fees^d [EUR/km]	Track charges conventional rail freight^e [EUR/train km]	Track charges HSRF^e [EUR/ train km]
Austria	0.133	0.10	138.6	0.40	17.54	19.79
France	0.159	0.09	70.6	0.22	2.12	23.80
Germany	0.139	0.13	476.3	0.13	6.54	17.11
Spain	0.133	0.11	254.5	0.15	0.25	9.17

^a https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/diesel_prices [accessed at 1st November 2019], 10% estimated price increase by 2030, WtW diesel emissions: 325.8 gCO₂eq/ kWh following EN16258 specifications; ^b Prices for non-households from Eurostat (2019), no price change by 2030 even though nominal prices may decrease (see [47,48,49]); ^c Rail electricity mix at pantograph, emissions data from Ifeu et al. [50], 65% estimated emissions reduction by 2030 compared to 1990; ^d If existent, the latest road fees are retrieved from national information in the internet. Otherwise, from BVU et al. [51]; ^e Based on the current network statements of the respective country for freight and long-distance passenger transport, adjusted to 2030 values. For detailed information see Additional file 1 (description of the calculated country specific track charges for 2030)