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Table 1 Overview of the variables used in the model

From: Insights into shopping travel behavior: latent classes in relation to attitudes towards shopping

Model variable

Description

Indicators

Shopperpurchase

Frequency of shopping for daily needs [at least 3 times per week, less often]

Carshoppurchase

Car is the mode of transportation used for shopping for daily needs [yes, no]

Nearbyshopping

One-way distance traveled for grocery shopping [0–1 km, 1–5 km, > 5 km]

Shopperstroll

Frequency of window shopping in the inner city [weekly, monthly, less often]

Shopperonline

Frequency of third-party deliveries [weekly, monthly, less often]

Carusershare

Proportion of car use within a typical week in relation to the use of other modes of transportation [> 0.66, ≤ 0.66 and > 0.33, ≤ 0.33]

Obligationshare

Proportion of the number of work or school trips in relation to all trips of different areas of life [> 0.5, ≤ 0.5]

Active covariates

young

Being aged between 18 and 35 years

carinhh

Having at least one car within the household

children

Children are living in the household

employed

Being full-time or part-time employed

highdensity

Living in areas with high population density, i.e. 15,000 inhabitants per km2

highpoi

Living in areas with high number of POIs, i.e. 150 POIs per km2 built-up area.

Attitudinal Factors

In-Store

Joy of shopping in traditional stores

ShoppingNorm

Preference to support local retailers and to buy as little as possible on the Internet

ProCar

Positive attitude towards a motor car

NoPublicTransit

Attitudes towards public transport

NoBike

Attitudes towards bicycles