An Open Access Journal
Table 1 Classification task ranked by difficulty and score, for mode detection
References | No. | Classes | Score | Metric | Validation | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al. [131] | 6 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail, Plain | 86.5% | Accuracy | Hold-out | Beijing |
Bohte and Maat [21] | 6 | Car, Train, Bus-Tram-Metro, Foot, Bicycle, Other | 70.00% | Accuracy | n.p. | Netherlands |
Martin et al. [75] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail | 96.8% | Accuracy | Manifold-cross-validation | Minnesota |
Jahangiri and Rakha [55] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Run | 95.1% | F-Score | Manifold-cross-validation, Out-of-bag-estimate | Tennessee |
Semanjski et al. [96] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail | 94.00% | Accuracy | Manifold-cross-validation | Leuven |
Zhou et al. [132] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Run, in-Vehicle, Stationary | 93.8% | Accuracy | Hold-out | Georgia (USA) |
Zhu et al. [134] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail | 93.45% | F1-Score | Manifold-cross-validation | Beijing |
Xiao et al. [119] | 5 | Walk, Bike, el-Bike, Car, Bus | 92.74% | Accuracy | Manifold-cross-validation | Shanghai |
Rasmussen et al. [90] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Car, Bus, Rail | 92.4% | Accuracy | n.p. | Copenhagen |
Yazdizadeh et al. [122] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Public transit, Car, Car and Public transit | 88.00% | F1-Score weighted average | Manifold-cross-validation | Montreal |
Dabiri and Heaslip [31] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail | 84.8% | F-Score | Manifold-cross-validation | Beijing |
Byon and Liang [22] | 5 | Auto, Bus, Streetcar, Bike, Walk | 82.00% | F1-Score weighted average | Hold-out | Toronto |
Thomas et al. [104] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car, Rail | 82.00% | Accuracy | n.p. | Netherlands, [43] |
Dabiri et al. [32] | 5 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Drive, Train | 76.4% | F1-Score weighted average | Manifold-cross-validation | Beijing |
Jiang et al. [57] | 4 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car | 98.00% | Accuracy | Hold-out | Beijing |
Assemi et al. [11] | 4 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car | 94.7% | Accuracy | Hold-out | New-Zealand |
Yazdizadeh et al. [123] | 4 | Walk, Bike, Transit, Car | 91.8% | Accuracy | Manifold-cross-validation | Montreal |
Mäenpää et al. [72] | 4 | Walk, Bike, Bus, Car | 90.7% | F1-Score | Manifold-cross-validation, Out-of-bag-estimate | Beijing. 1 week BUS trajectories, 1000 trajectories from Open Street Map (OSM) |
Yazdizadeh et al. [124] | 4 | Walk, Bike, Transit, Car | 83.4% | Accuracy | Manifold-cross-validation | Montreal |