An Open Access Journal
Technique | Examples | References |
---|---|---|
Estimated values | Using general estimates to assign a monetary value to a barrier effect | |
Contingent valuation method (measuring Willingness To Pay (WTP) for non-market goods using bidding techniques) | Measuring WTP for avoiding a motorway | |
Measuring WTP for avoiding a barrier to a recreation area | Grudemo et al. [56] | |
Choice modelling (measuring preferences or WTP based on choice experiments involving different combinations of characteristics of a barrier) | Measuring WTP for reducing barrier effects of different types of roads, involving characteristics related to road design, traffic intensity and crossing facilities | Anciaes and Jones [10] |
Measuring WTP for reducing barrier effects of roads | Anciaes et al. [6] | |
Measuring WTP for removing a barrier between two neighbourhoods, taking into consideration amenity characteristics | GrisolÃa et al. [54] | |
Measuring Willingness To Accept a new road that reduces access to a recreational area, using increased leisure time as a result of decreased travel time as a payment vehicle | Ivehammar [72] | |
Hedonic modelling (measuring WTP for different attributes of housing (e.g. view, distance to station) based on analysis of house sales) | The impacts on WTP for housing related to reductions in accessibility caused by a motorway | |
Objective valuations (using the value of related market goods as proxy for the cost of barrier effects) | Socio-economic costs (increase in traffic accidents, travel time, school transport, sick leave, parking costs etc.) when potential bicycle links are not realised due to barriers | Sælensminde [124] |
Time spent accompanying children to school | Tate and Mara [129] | |
Monetisation of delay | ||
Multiplying the total population by the number of seconds of delay that roads and motorways imply. The resulting time is multiplied by a monetary value | van Essen et al. [139] | |
Demand for crossing facilities as a decreasing function of the generalised cost of crossing (such as time to reach the crossing facility, effort of crossing) | Héran [67] |