Table 4 Aspects of land use that contribute to barrier effects

Distribution

Location of residential addresses and facilities within the area affected by a barrier [35, 67]

Density

Density of residential addresses and facilities within the area affected by a barrier [3, 42]

Quality

Differences in the quality of service or products offered on both sides of a barrier [26]

Temporal availability

Opening hours of facilities [26, 130]

Substitutability

Available choice of alternative facilities [17, 130]