In search of sustainable and inclusive mobility solutions for rural areas

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 4 Environmental impacts of different mobility solutions compared to private car or tourist rental car

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Conventional public transport and designated tourist buses	+ decrease in GHG emissions compared to private transport, assuming sufficient occupancy rate	− the potential positive effect might not be realised, if low occupancy
Semi-flexible and flexible door-to-door DRT	+ decrease in emissions dependent on occupancy rate and vehicle/fuel used + lower vehicle ownership rate	− the more flexibility, the smaller effect on emissions
Car-sharing and ride-sharing	+ small decrease in emissions (dependent on occupancy rate and vehicle/fuel used) + lower vehicle ownership rate	− due to rebound effect, the potential might not be realised

Composed based on Mullay and Nelson [78], Firnkorn and Müller [85], Ryley et al. [65], Reichert et al. [81], Ferrero et al. [25], Amatuni et al. [79], Coutinho et al. [83], Jochem et al. [26] and TNMT [82]