Table 1 Summary of categories of barriers and references

Technology

Unproven in application

[31, 34, 38, 58, 60, 91, 99, 106]

Lack of adaptation

[95, 102]

Infrastructure

Lack of availability

[18,19,20, 32, 63, 65, 79, 81, 94, 101]

Risk of externalities

[107]

Long lead time before benefits

[34]

Economy

Short-term focus

[4, 5, 19, 20, 24, 34, 58, 65, 67, 80, 85, 91, 101, 105, 82, 106, 111]

Low profitability

[5, 19, 20, 24, 31, 38, 60, 67, 85, 92, 105, 106, 108, 109, 115]

Small actors

[47, 58, 81, 94]

Costs

[46, 102, 113]

Low market value

[38, 112]

Policies

Lack of alignment

[17, 24, 25, 31, 33, 43,44,45, 52, 60, 65, 67, 77, 84, 90, 93, 94, 99, 111, 115]

Imbalanced measures

[1, 8, 38, 41, 47, 71, 79, 81, 111, 115]

Complexity

[20, 24, 25, 32, 47, 52, 96]

Insufficient methods

[19, 23, 27, 81, 111]

Resource limitations

[107]

Politics

Lack of commitment

[1, 2, 25, 32, 38, 41, 44, 47, 85, 94–96, 102]

Unclear direction

[1, 43, 96]

Goals

Unaligned

[3, 16, 18, 29,30,31, 41,33,, 43, 44, 52, 53, 59, 61, 67,68,69,70, 77, 85, 87, 111,113]

Unclear

[1, 20, 41, 96]

Organization

Lack of resources

[1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 23, 26, 32, 33, 43, 48, 50, 67, 74, 79, 80, 96, 97, 102, 112]

Lack of intra- and inter-organizational coordination

[5, 10, 24, 26, 31, 41, 48, 67, 94, 98, 101]

Focus on easy wins

[4, 5, 74, 85, 94, 96, 102, 112, 114]

Knowledge

Lack of dissemination

[3,4,5,6,7,8, 16, 20, 27, 29–34, 35, 47, 53, 58, 61, 65, 70–72, 74, 80, 82, 84, 87, 98, 106, 107, 110, 113]

Scattered

[6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 20, 22, 27, 48, 50, 53, 54, 65, 69, 70, 81, 84, 93– 95, 102, 110, 112]

Unavailable

[1, 8, 10, 16, 20, 22, 27, 33, 44, 46, 50, 52, 43, 58, 63, 77, 81, 106, 112]

Cooperation

Complex alignment of interests

[4, 6, 8, 10,11,12,, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 41, 45, 47, 52,53,54, 59, 61, 65, 68–71, 82, 91, 92, 94, 101, 107, 111, 116]

Unclear gains

[4, 16, 17, 19, 31–33, 35, 52, 61, 62, 65,52,53,54,69, 81, 82, 84, 92, 94, 101, 102, 105, 107, 111, 114,115,116]

Untraditional

[1, 2, 5, 8, 17, 24, 35, 45, 52, 54, 66, 67, 79, 81, 84, 94, 96, 102, 103, 107, 115]

Weak management support

[2, 6, 16, 17, 19, 29, 31–33, 41, 43, 45, 68,69,70, 81, 87, 107, 115]

Societal factors

Uncertain future

[11, 17, 24, 27, 35, 38, 44, 49, 63, 66, 79, 91, 115]

Require flexibility

[5, 17, 24, 63, 91]

First mover disadvantage

Difficult to overview consequences

[7, 84, 85, 94, 105, 113]

Lack of tradition

[1, 25, 80, 107, 111, 113]

Optional choice

[25, 67, 85, 107, 109, 113]