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Table 4 Summary of charging infrastructure planning literature
Study | Problem | Features | Problem formulation | Objective function | Solution algorithm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kunith et al. [69] | Fast-charging infrastructure configuration for an electric busline | Realistic energy consumption, operational and technical constraint modeling for electric buses, set-covering formulation | Mixed-integer programming | Minimize the overall charging infrastructure investment costs under the constraints of serving daily customer demand | Commercial solver |
Jung et al. [65] | Charging-infrastructure planning for an electric taxi fleet in an urban area | Multiple server allocation for modeling queuing delays at charging stations | Bi-level optimization simulation | Minimize overall EV access times and waiting times at charging stations | Genetic algorithm |
Schiffer and Walther [72] | Charging-infrastructure, fleet-size, and routing optimization of EVRP | Location-routing planning, partial recharge, and time window constraints | Mixed-integer programming | Minimize overall system costs including charging infrastructure, fleet acquisition, and routing costs | Commercial solver |
Hua et al. [73] | Joint charging-infrastructure and vehicle-operation optimization for electric car-sharing system | Multiple decision periods with uncertain demand based on the scenario tree approach | Multi-stage stochastic optimization | Minimize the overall expected system costs over multiple planning periods | Projected subgradient algorithm |
Ma and Xie [97] | Fast-charging station location optimization for microtransit service | Simulation approach with queuing at charging stations | Bi-level optimization simulation | Minimize the fleet’s total idle time for charging operations while considering optimal vehicle–charging station assignment to minimize vehicle idle times | Surrogate-assisted optimization algorithm |
Lokhandwala and Cai [75] | Charging-infrastructure, fleet-size, and routing optimization of EVRP shared AEVs | Agent-based simulation, queuing at charging stations is based on the arrival and service rates of AEVs | Bi-level optimization simulation | Minimize total waiting times at charging stations over the planning horizon when the number of charging stations and plugs is constrained by a fixed budget | Genetic algorithm |
Lin et al. [94] | Charging-infrastructure location and configuration planning with integrated power-grid impact to minimize power loss | Multistage planning problems with interplays between the transport system and power grid | Multistage | Minimize the overall system costs including charging station investment, energy consumption costs, and power grid extension costs | Commercial solver |
Stumpe et al. [74] | Joint optimization of charging infrastructure and busline operations | Departure-time-based service trips, sensitivity analysis for different input parameter uncertainties | Mixed-integer programming | Minimize the overall system costs of charging infrastructure, bus investment costs, personnel, and energy consumption costs | VNS |
Wu et al. [70] | Fast-charging station planning at electric bus terminals | Considers maximum charging load constraints at bus terminals | Simulation–optimization approach | Minimize overall charging station investment costs | Particle swarm optimization |
An [71] | Joint optimization of fleet-size and charging-station planning under stochastic bus-charging demand | Considers stochastic charging demand, time-dependent energy price | Mixed-integer programming | Minimize the overall system cost including charging station acquisition, maintenance, and the access costs of vehicles | Lagrangian relaxation |