Table 1 Description of crash characteristics used to create the dependent variables of the generalized additive models

any

All single- and multi-vehicle crashes and all vehicle types are considered (including bicycles, motorbikes, buses and tractors).

multi-car

Only crashes with two or more passenger cars are considered.

single-car

Only crashes of single passenger cars are considered.

single-truck

Only crashes of single trucks are considered.

Speed limit

[0, 50)

Only crashes at speed limits below 50 km/h are considered

[50, 70)

Only crashes at speed limits between 50 and 70 km/h are considered

70, 100)

Only crashes at speed limits between 70 and 100 km/h are considered

100, 130)

Only crashes at speed limits between 100 and 130 km/h are considered

[130, Inf)

Only crashes at speed limits of 130 km/h and above are considered

Crash type

run-off-road

A vehicle run off the road.

hit-object

A vehicle collided with an obstacle on the road (e.g. trees, debris, wildlife).

broad-side

Crash with cross traffic or vehicles that turn onto the road from a side road.

head-on

Crash with oncoming traffic, without one of the crash partners intending to turn across the opposite lane.

side-swipe

Crash with another vehicle travelling sideways in the same direction, when driving side by side or when changing lanes.

rear-end

Crash with another vehicle driving ahead or waiting for traffic reasons.

parking

Crash with vehicles stopping or parking at the edge of the carriageway, in the marked parking spaces immediately adjacent to the edge of the carriageway, on footpaths or in parking spaces.

Road environment

curve

Crash occurred on a curved road section.

descent

Crash occurred on a descending road section.

ascent

Crash occurred on an ascending road section.

t-junction

Crash occurred at a t-junction.

crossroads

Crash occurred at a crossroads.

Crash severity

no injuries

No injuries or fatalities.

minor injuries

At least one road user with minor injuries, but no serious injuries or fatalities.

serious injuries

At least one road user with serious injuries, but no fatalities.

fatalities

At least one road user died.