Table 3 UVAR for the pricing aspects category, showing the overarching group, definition and a city examplewhere the measure is implemented

Road charges/tolls

Charge applied to a perimeter or an area

Road charges for a perimeter or an area are a daily charge to be paid for driving through a designated boundary and/or within the restricted area

Milan, Italy

Charge applied to specific points

Road charges for specific points are applied to vehicles that travel through a given location or series of locations on the road network

Oslo, Norway

Distance-based charge

Distance based road charges are proportional to the distance travelled. This is calculated via a GPS that is installed inside the vehicle

Brussels, Belgium

Time-based charge

Time-based road charges are based on the amount of time a vehicle is inside the regulated zone. When a vehicle leaves the area, the system calculates the time the vehicle remained inside the boundary and computes the fee due for access (and parking)

Valletta, Malta

Permit charge

In an UVAR scheme based on permits (e.g., LTZ), drivers/owners may be required to pay a fee for a vehicle-specific permit. Fees may be differentiated according to user categories (e.g., residents pay less than delivery companies), the total number of vehicles (the second or third permitted vehicle is charged more than the first) or the time window (some slots cost less than others)

Siena, Italy

Based on emission standards (pollution charge)

High-polluting vehicles are charged when they enter or circulate within the designated area

London, UK

Parking charge

Dynamic price (real time)

Pricing of parking spaces is updated periodically during the day to match demand levels

San Francisco, USA

Fixed price

Vehicles are charged to occupy parking spaces. Prices are fixed for the specific area of the city and/or time of the day

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Based on emission standards

Vehicles are charged to occupy parking spaces. Prices are based on the vehicle’s emission levels

Madrid, Spain

Workplace levy

Charge on employers and educational institutions (schools, universities) for the number of parking places they provide to be used by employees, students or others

Nottingham, UK

From on-street to off-street parking

Vehicles are charged to occupy parking spaces. Prices are higher on-street than in parking infrastructure facilities to gradually reduce the presence of cars in the city and improve the quality of public spaces (e.g., free/cheaper Park and Ride facilities)

Rotterdam, The Netherlands