Table 5 UVAR taxonomy structure for the case study analyses, indicating the possible UVAR measures in the UVAR categories (spatial interventions, pricing aspects and regulatory measures) and the complementary supportive measures

Spatial interventions

1

Speed reduction

a

Speed reduction

2

Traffic filter

a

Recirculation

b

Roadblock

c

Capacity restraint

3

Reallocating parking space

a

Parklet

b

Drop-off zone shared mobility

c

Logistics bay (mini hub)

d

Kiss and ride (K & R)

4

Reallocating road space for pedestrians

a

Widen pavement

b

Pedestrian priority street zone

5

Reallocating road space for cycling

a

Cycle lane

b

Cycling street

6

Reallocating road space for public transport

a

Bus/tram priority

Pricing aspects

7

Road charges/tolls

a

Charge applied to a perimeter or an area

b

Charge applied to specific points

c

Distance-based charge

d

Time-based charge

e

Permit charge

f

Charge based on emission standards (pollution charge)

8

Parking charge

a

Dynamic price (real time)

b

Fixed price

c

Charge based on emission standards (pollution charge)

d

Workplace levy

e

From on-street to off-street parking

Regulatory measures

9

Regulation by emission

a

EURO standard

b

Zero-emission vehicles

10

Regulation by vehicle type and dimensions

a

Vehicle type

b

Dimensions

11

Regulation by trip purpose

a

Delivery and logistics

b

Through traffic ban

12

Regulation by permit

a

Permit to travel

b

Parking permit

c

Planning permit conditions

13

Regulation by safety requirements

a

Vehicle safety features

Complementary measures

14

Complementary supportive measures

a

Financial incentives

b

Exemptions

c

Increased mobility options