Table 1 The Nijkamp Hexagon model

Ecoware: natural capital

• environment and natural resources

• landscape

• energy

• waste management

Hardware: man-made capital

• built environment

• buildings

• technologies and building system

• land use

• transport

Finware: economic and financial capital

• financing, incentives, subsidies

• costs

• economic vitality

Orgware: institutional capital

• laws and regulation

• local governance

• partnership

Software: human capital

• training and knowledge

• education and sensitizing

• innovation and creativity

Civicware: social capital

• equity and social inclusion

• participation

• local quality of life