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Table 1 The level and terms of the carbon tax in Europe. Source (Harnay, Reme, 2012)
Level of the tax | Initial level | Current level |
|---|---|---|
Sweden | €27 in 1991 | €108 in 2010 |
Denmark | Variable tax that depends on the firm’s level of emissions, about €12.50 in 2009 | |
Finland | €1.20 in 1990 applied solely to transport and heating | €20 in 2011 |
Germany | No specific price allocated to CO2, introduction of an ecotax of 12.28 Euro cents per litre of fuel and 2 Euro cents per kWh in 1999 | |
United Kingdom | The Climate Change Levy is applied to industry and commerce, but not households and only and not to coal. In 2011 the Levy stood at 0.485p/kWh for electricity, 0.167p/kWh for gas and 0.07p/kWh for petrol. | |
Norway | In 1991, a maximum of approximately $40 per tonne | Varies between $15 and $61 according to the carbon content of the firm’s emissions and the sector. Manufacturing is largely exempted but Norway considers that the tax covers 64 % of emissions. |
Proposal for France | Addition of a strictly applied carbon tax of €17 per tonne of CO2 in 2010 | €100 in 2030 |