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Table 1 Greenhouse gas mitigation potential and co-benefits potential
From: The barriers to low-carbon land-transport and policies to overcome them
Approach | Area of focus | Potential impact | Potential synergies |
|---|---|---|---|
Avoid | Activity (reduction and management: short distances, compact cities and mixed use) | Potential to reduce energy consumtion by 10 to 30Â % [50, 82] | Reduced travel times; improved air quality; public health; safety and more equitable access |
Shiftt | Structure (Shift to more energy efficient modes) | Potential for energy efficiency gains varies greatly, 10–30 % reductions [19, 35] | Reduce urban congestion and more equitable access Freight.reduced maintenance costs for road |
Improve | Intensity (vehicle fuel efficiency) | Efficiency improvement of 40–60 % by 2030 feasible at low or negative cost [20, 35] | Improved energy security, productivity and affordability |
Fuel (swith to electricity, hydrogen, CNG, biofuels and other fuels) | Changing the structure of the energy consumption. Mitigation and efficiency potential uncertain. | Diversification of the fuels used contributes to climate, air quality and / or energy security objectives |