Speed reduction effects over distance of animal-vehicle collision countermeasures – a driving simulator study

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 4 Results of linear mixed-effects (LME) model explaining response variables in the driving simulator experiment by testing the effects of different animal-vehicle collision countermeasures (radio warning, wildlife warning sign, automatic speed camera) and the presence and absence of wildlife fence and dense forest versus open landscape

Variable	Coefficient	SE	DF	t value	P
Velocity 800–1000 m after measure
Intercept	90.6241	1.638464	263	55.31041	< 0.0001
Radio warning	−5.69822	2.251078	263	−2.53133	0.0119
Fence	2.78884	1.059812	263	2.63144	0.009
Forest	−2.22164	1.034645	263	−2.14725	0.0327
Radio warning and fence	−7.57272	2.445421	263	−3.0967	0.0022
Velocity 1800–2000 m after measure
(Intercept)	90.39819	1.588899	263	56.8936	< 0.0001
Radio warning	−9.13026	2.296188	263	−3.97627	0.0001
Forest	−3.52007	1.055447	263	−3.33515	0.001
Wildlife warning sign and forest	5.57434	2.455735	263	2.26993	0.024

Only significant variables are shown. The model was run separately for each distance (i.e. 800–1000 m and 1800–2000 m after the measure was implemented, respectively). Final LME models are shown in Table 3. Significant explanatory variables are shown in bold type (P < 0.05). Random effects at 800–1000 m: standard deviation intercept 7.2, residual 5.1, and at 1800–2000 m: standard deviation intercept 6.9, residual 5.2