Table 6 Explanation of the symbols in the equations (1)–(6)^a

Q

quantity, number of tons transported

TM

transport market effect, tons

CM

cargo market effect, tons

C

competition effect, tons

t

year

l

length of period under analysis, in years

i

cargo type

G

growth percentage of the total transport market

Gi

general growth percentage of cargo type i

gi

mode specific growth percentage of cargo type i

ΔCO2

change in CO2 emission

Ad

average distance

Ef

emission factor

d

distance market

m

mode before shift

n

mode after shift