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Table 2 Coverage of traffic forecasting methodologies by FSE methods
Model | Short description | Total number of applications | Number of applications of FSE methods’ class | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exogenous feature filtering | Endogenous feature filtering | Wrapper feature selection | Embedded feature selection | Dimension reduction | |||
Artificial neural networks (ANN) | |||||||
 FFNN | Feedforward ANN | 41 | 34 | 4 | 9 | – | 6 |
 TDNN | Time-delayed ANN | 9 | 13 | – | 2 | – | 2 |
 RNN | Recurrent ANN | 9 | 13 | 2 | – | – | 2 |
 LSTM | Long short-term memory ANN | 6 | 3 | 2 | – | – | 1 |
 SSNN | State-space ANN, incl. Time-delayed state-space ANN (STDNN) | 4 | 4 | 2 | – | – | – |
 CNN | Convolutional ANN | 4 | 4 | – | – | – | – |
 DBN | Deep belief network, incl. Restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), stacked autoencoders (SAE), generative adversarial networks (GAN) | 4 | 1 | – | – | 4 | – |
 NARX | Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous ANN | 3 | 3 | – | – | – | – |
 Other NN architectures | Incl. counter-propagation ANN (CPNN), fuzzy ANN, Graph ANN, general regression ANN, group method of data handling (GMDH) | 8 | 4 | 1 | 2 | – | 1 |
Statistical models | |||||||
 BN | Bayesian networks, incl. Conditional random fields | 30 | 15 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
 DL/ARDL | Distributed lags /autoregressive distributed lag models, incl. Smoothing models, chaos models | 26 | 19 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
 SVR | Support vector regression, incl. Extreme learning machine | 23 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 11 |
 KNN | k-nearest neighbour regression | 22 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 |
 VAR | Vector autoregressive models | 21 | 22 | 5 | – | 2 | – |
 STARIMA | Space-time autoregressive integrated moving average, incl. Generalised STARIMA | 21 | 20 | 13 | – | – | 1 |
 Kernel | Kernel regressions, incl. Gaussian process regression (GPR) | 10 | 7 | 4 | – | – | – |
 State-space | State-space models | 10 | 8 | – | 2 | – | – |
 Tensor models | Tensor completion models, incl. Probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) | 6 | – | 1 | – | – | 6 |
 Decision tree models | Incl. random forest and regression tree | 5 | 4 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 |
 SCTM | Stochastic cell transmission model | 4 | 3 | 2 | – | – | – |
 MARS | Multivariate adaptive regression splines, incl. Generalised additive model (GAM) | 3 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – |
 Spatial panel | Spatial panel models | 2 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – |