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Table 1 Design of single-modality take-over alert. Excerpt from Yun et al. [30]
From: Multimodal warning design for take-over request in conditionally automated driving
Modality | Design factors | Features |
|---|---|---|
Visual | Image |
|
Size | Diameter: 19 mm | |
Flash Frequency | 3–4 Hz | |
Location | Head-up display or dashboard center | |
Auditory | Frequency | Mixed frequency of 880 Hz and 1760 Hz |
Tone length | 50 ms | |
Tone interval | 30 ms | |
Volume | Louder by 15–30 dB than average noise inside car (absolute value < 90 dB) | |
Haptic | Location | Driver’s seat bottom, back |
Frequency | 200-250 Hz | |
Length | 200 ms | |
Interval | 50 ms | |
Type | Pulse type |
