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Table 4 Modelling results, Heckman model: willingness to pay (eq. 2: outcome) to use a specific transport mode (ordered probit equation)
EQUAT. | VARIABLES (Base reference) | PUBLIC TRANSPORT | CAR-SHARING | BIKE-SHARING / KICK SCOOTER-SHARING | TAXI / RIDE-HAILING | MOPED SCOOTER-SHARING | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | |||||||||
WILLINGNESS TO PAY | SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS | Gender (male) | ||||||||||||||||
Female | ||||||||||||||||||
Lost employment after COVID | −0.319 | 0.056 | −0.573 | 0.000 | −0.163 | 0.033 | ||||||||||||
MOBILITY HABITS | Commuting (base case: intensive, public transport/sharing) | |||||||||||||||||
Intensive, walking | 0.303 | 0.015 | ||||||||||||||||
Intensive, private bike | −0.987 | 0.068 | ||||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, public transport | −0.508 | 0.036 | −0.775 | 0.018 | −0.608 | 0.022 | ||||||||||||
Non-intensive, private bike | −1.260 | 0.008 | ||||||||||||||||
Leisure (base case: intensive, public transport/sharing) | ||||||||||||||||||
Intensive, private car/moto | 0.213 | 0.058 | ||||||||||||||||
Intensive, sharing | 0.649 | 0.005 | ||||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, private bike | 0.421 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, walking | 0.314 | 0.054 | ||||||||||||||||
Shopping (base case: intensive, public transport/sharing) | ||||||||||||||||||
Intensive, public transport | −0.668 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||||
Intensive, private car/moto | −0.743 | 0.053 | 0.231 | 0.069 | ||||||||||||||
Intensive, walking | 0.199 | 0.019 | −0.206 | 0.048 | ||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, public transport | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, private car/moto | −3.922 | 0.046 | ||||||||||||||||
Non-intensive, walking | 0.245 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||||
MEASURES TO PREVENT AGAINST COVID | Increasing supply to avoid crowding | 0.192 | 0.018 | 0.247 | 0.027 | |||||||||||||
Increasing cleanliness and sanitising | −0.580 | 0.060 | 0.321 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Providing masks, gloves and sanitiser gel | 0.125 | 0.099 | 0.202 | 0.035 | ||||||||||||||
Certifying that only those non infected by COVID can use the service | 0.373 | 0.000 | 0.269 | 0.110 | ||||||||||||||
Certifying that no user within the same day was infected by COVID | 0.251 | 0.047 | ||||||||||||||||
Providing helmets with no contact with mouth, nose and eyes | 0.191 | 0.076 | ||||||||||||||||
Increasing bike-related infrastructure | 0.495 | 0.096 | ||||||||||||||||
Providing covers for handlebars and steering wheels | 0.341 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||||
Constant | 2.394 | 0.000 | 0.242 | 0.043 | 0.922 | 0.000 | 0.598 | 0.000 | −0.109 | 0.925 | ||||||||
No. Obs | 833 | 851 | 840 | 833 | 767 | |||||||||||||
Selected observation | 749 | 461 | 568 | 581 | 286 | |||||||||||||
Log-likelihhod | − 1685.6 | − 1409.9 | − 1517.6 | − 1485.7 | − 974.8 | |||||||||||||
Wald Chi2 | 65.90 | 25.72 | 58.61 | 47.76 | 14.83 | |||||||||||||