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Table 2 Studies about headway distribution in mixed traffic
From: Impact of connected and autonomous vehicle dedicated lane on the freeway traffic efficiency
Index of study | Automation level of CAV | Data source | Headway between HVs (s) | Headway for an HV following a CAV (s) | Headway for a CAV following an HV (s) | Headway between CAVs (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Joel VanderWerf et al. [20] | ACC | Simulation | – | – | Uniform 1.0–2.0 | Uniform 0.5–1.4 |
2 Bose and Ioannou, [21] | ACC/CACC | Simulation | Uniform 0.7–2.2 | – | Uniform 0.5–1.5 | – |
3 Arem et al. [22] | CACC | Simulation | Fixed 1.4 | Fixed 1.4 | Fixed 1.4 | Fixed 0.5 |
4 Christopher Nowakowski et al. [23] | CACC | Field test | – | – | Uniform 1.1–2.2 | Uniform 0.6–1.1 |
5 Schakel et al. [24] | ACC | Field test | – | – | Gaussian 1.2 ± 0.15 and 1.2 ± 0.3 | Gaussian 1.2 ± 0.15 and 1.2 ± 0.3 |
6 Larsson [25] | ACC | Survey | – | – | Uniform 1.0–2.6 |  |
7 Altay et al. [26] | ACC/CACC | Field test | – | – | Uniform 0.6–2.0 | Uniform 0.6–2.0 |
8 Li Zhao and Sun [27] | ACC/CACC | Simulation | – | – | Fixed 1.4 | Fixed 0.5 |
9 Kumar et al. [28] | None | Field data | Uniform 1.3–2.4 | – |  |  |
10 Arnaout and Bowling [29] | CACC | Simulation | Uniform 1.0–1.8 | Uniform 1.0–1.8 | Uniform 0.8–1.0 | Fixed 0.5 |
11 Nikolos et al. [30] | ACC/CACC | Numerical Simulations | – | – | Uniform 0.8–2.2 | – |
12 Hussain et al. [7] | CAV | Numerical analysis | Fixed 1.8 | 1.2 or 1.8 | 1.2 or 1.8 | 0.3 and 0.45 |
13 Ivanchev et al. [9] | AV | Agent-based macroscopic simulation | Fixed 1.8 | Fixed 1.8 | Uniform 0.5–1.0 | Uniform 0.5–1.0 |
14 Darbha et al. [31] | ACC | Numerical simulation | – | – | – | 0.68–0.88 or 0.27–0.5 or 0.31–0.58 |
15 [1] | CAV | Numerical analysis | Uniform 0.8–2.2 | Uniform 0.8–2.2 | Uniform 0.7–1.5 | Uniform 0.6–1.1 |
16 [32] | AV | Simulation | Fixed 1.8 | Fixed 1.8 | Fixed 1.2 | Fixed 0.9 |
17 Lu et al. [33] | AV | Simulation | Fixed 0.9 | Fixed 0.9 | Fixed 0.6 | Fixed 0.6 |
18 Nishimura et al. [34] | AV | Simulation | Normal average 1.69 | Normal average 1.69 | Uniform 0.1–3.0 | Uniform 0.1–3.0 |
19 Zhao et al. [35] | CAV | Simulation | Fixed 1.2 | Fixed 1.2 | Fixed 0.9 | Fixed 0.9 |
20 Martin-Gasulla et al. [19] | CAV | Simulation | Fixed 0.9 | Fixed 0.9 | Uniform 1.5–2.5 | Fixed 0.6 |