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Table 1 Segmentation of case area into comparable sub-areas

From: Berlin Pankow: a 15-min city for everyone? A case study combining accessibility, traffic noise, air pollution, and socio-structural data

Area type

Population density (per km2)

Dominating building structure

Inner city

> 10,000

Perimeter development

Outer city

3000–10,000

Mix from multi-story tower blocks to townhouses

Suburban area

< 3000

Mostly detached houses