Investigations on tram-pedestrian impacts by application of virtual testing with human body models

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 3 Rib fracture probabilities

50F	Number of broken ribs	Baseline		Improved
50F	Number of broken ribs	Centerline (%)	Offset (%)	Centerline (%)	Offset (%)
10 kph	0	94.9	94.4	87.9	95.2
	1	5.0	5.5	11.6	4.7
	2	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.1
	3+	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
15 kph	0	17.8	26.4	18.1	38.1
	1	65.4	40.3	57.7	40.7
	2	15.6	24.2	22.5	17.0
	3+	1.2	9.1	1.7	4.2
20 kph	0	0.1	0.1	0.9	0.5
	1	15.7	0.7	23.7	7.2
	2	35.0	3.8	39.4	21.7
	3+	49.2	95.5	36.1	70.6
25 kph	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	1	0.3	0.0	5.8	0.0
	2	3.2	0.0	23.7	0.1
	3+	96.6	100.0	70.5	99.9

50 M	Number of broken ribs	Baseline		Improved
50 M	Number of broken ribs	Centerline (%)	Offset (%)	Centerline (%)	Offset (%)
10 kph	0	97.2	93.4	98.9	97.7
	1	2.8	6.6	1.1	2.3
	2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	3+	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
15 kph	0	82.2	40.5	81.1	41.9
	1	16.6	43.8	17.6	49.3
	2	1.2	13.7	1.3	8.2
	3+	0.0	2.0	0.0	0.5
20 kph	0	1.4	0.0	28.9	2.7
	1	22.8	3.0	42.8	25.4
	2	37.5	15.4	22.7	42.4
	3+	38.3	81.5	5.6	29.5
25 kph	0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0
	1	0.0	0.0	7.0	0.0
	2	0.3	0.0	21.6	1.0
	3+	99.7	100.0	70.6	99.0