Land use of energy supply for carbon neutral mobility: a well-to-wheel analysis

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 2 Selection of energy carrier-vehicle combinations in this study based on the criteria TRL > 6 17, 19 and practical applicability

Energy chain	Subtype	Conversion in vehicle	Light duty vehicles	Heavy duty vehicle	Inland shipping*	Maritime shipping	Intercontinental aviation
Electricity		Battery-electric	O	O	O
Hydrogen		FC electric	O	O	O
Hydrogen		ICE adapted	O	O	O
Synfuels	Drop-in (FT)	ICE	O	O	O	O	O
	Ammonia	ICE adapted			O	O
	Methanol	ICE adapted	O	O	O	O
Biofuel	Drop-in (FT)	ICE	O	O	O	O	O
Biofuel	Bioethanol**	ICE adapted	O

O=included
^*Including shipping for short and medium distances
^**Ethanol is a gasoline substitute
FC Fuel cell, ICE Internal combustion engine, FT Fischer-Tropsch, Drop-in Composition comparable to Fossil.