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Table 4 Demarcation of land use for the production of energy carriers in this study. Source authors, based on [7] and [20].
From: Land use of energy supply for carbon neutral mobility: a well-to-wheel analysis
| Â | Net | Gross |
|---|---|---|
Wind energy | Land or sea area for turbines + any additional infrastructure (access roads, transformer platform at sea) | Surface area of wind farm |
PV (on roofs) | No use of space | The roof area used |
PV (on land, water or infrastructure) | Surface area of solar panels + space between panels | Equal to net |
Biofuels (energy crops) | Area of land needed to produce woody biomass | Equal to net |
Biofuels (residues) | No land use | Area of land from which the residue is extracted |
Hydrogen from electrolysis | Net area required for production electricity for electrolysis | Gross area of electricity requirement |
Hydrogen from SMR with CCS and 10% biomethane | Net area required for SMR and CCS and natural gas transmission | Equal to net |
Synfuels | Net area required for hydrogen production from electrolysis + DAC | Gross area of electricity requirement + DAC |