Table 5 Land use of electricity production

Wind (net)

0.9 m²/MWh

electricity per year (0.3-2.3)

Average of 4 sources from the Netherlands [26, 27], the EU [28] and the US [29]

No difference

assumed between on-shore and off-shore wind.

Offshore wind (gross)

0.2 km²/MW

installed capacity (0.1–0.3)

Average of 3 sources [29,30,31]

Solar (on land, water or infrastructure)

12 m²/MWh electricity per year (6–25)

Average of 5 sources [6, 31,32,33,34]

3 sources for solar farms, 2 for various surface types