Table 6 Land use for synfuel production inputs

DAC

1.5 (0.04-25) km²/Mt CO₂ per year

[24, 25, 35, 36]

Due to the large spread in the literature, a value in the middle, as reported by [36], is used for the calculations.

Carbon capture at point sources (post-combustion)

13,000 m²/Mt CO₂ per year

[23]

Questionable whether this space is available at industrial facilities.

FT-synfuel production

0.03 m²/ GJ synfuel per year

[37]

Based on the Yinchuan FT-plant, which runs on coal.

Methanol production

0.06 m²/GJ synfuel per year

[38]

Based on demonstration plant in Iceland that produces 4 kt methanol on a surface of approximately 5,000 m²_.

Ammonia production (including N₂ production)

<0.04 m²/GJ synfuel per year

[39]

Based on an industrial complex where among others ammonia is produced. As the entire surface of the complex is used, the surface is an upper limit.

Ammonia storage

8*10⁻⁵–5*10⁻³ m²/GJ synfuel per year

[40, 41]

Large economies of scale

Ammonia transport and tank infrastructure

No land use is assigned to these components. Probably diesel infrastructure could be used after adaptations. Land use will increase due to lower energy density and larger safety distances 42.

FT storage, transport and tank infrastructure

No land use is assigned to these components. Similar to current diesel infrastructure.

Methanol storage, transport and tank infrastructure

No land use is assigned to these components. Probably diesel infrastructure could be used after adaptations 43. Land use will increase due to lower energy density.