Land use of energy supply for carbon neutral mobility: a well-to-wheel analysis

European Transport Research Review

An Open Access Journal

Table 8 Inputs for the production of energy carriers

	Input	Sources
Hydrogen production (electrolyser)	50 kWh electricity per kg H₂	[44]
Hydrogen production (SMR-CCS)	0.17 GJ natural gas per kg H₂	[44]
Hydrogen other chain steps:
Liquefaction (if any)	15 kWh electricity per kg H₂	[44]
Conversion to NH₃ (if any)^a	43 kWh electricity per kg H₂	[44]
Conversion of NH₃ to H₂ (if any)	Efficiency 66%	[45]
Compression and purification at filling station	4 kWh electricity per kg H₂	[44]
FT-liquids	Input of 11.7 kg H₂/GJ Input of 78 kg CO₂/GJ	[46]
Ammonia	12.5 kg H₂/GJ	[47]
Methanol	Input of 10.8 kg H₂/GJ Input of 94 kg CO₂/GJ	[46]

^aElectricity use for conversion of hydrogen to ammonia (NH₃) is additional to the energy use in electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Total electricity use for producing NH₃ by electrolysis is therefore 93 kWh (50 kWh + 43 kWh) (overall efficiency ~54%).