Table 9 Energy efficiencies of the chains

Electricity (wind)

81

89

71

[31, 51,52,53,54,55,56]

Included are energy losses due to transport & distribution, charging/discharging and electric motor efficiency (including brake energy recovery)

Electricity (solar)

76

89

67

Equal to wind + efficiency of PV inverter

H₂ electrolysis (transport in gaseous form)

59

55

32

[44, 45, 57]

H₂ electrolysis (transport in liquid form)

48

55

26

The differences in WTT efficiency are explained by the mode of transport of H₂; Application in a fuel cell vehicle (FCEV)

H₂ electrolysis

(transport as NH₃)

34

55

18

H₂-SMR-CCS (transport as gas)

61

55

34

For SMR-CCS, an efficiency of 69% has been taken into account;

The differences in WTT efficiency are explained by the way the hydrogen is transported from a production location to a refuelling station; Application in a fuel cell vehicle (FCEV)

H₂-SMR-CCS (transport in liquid form)

49

55

27

H₂-SMR-CCS (transport

as NH₃)

31

55

17

H₂ electrolysis (gas)

59

43

25

Same as above, but application in vehicle with (modified) internal combustion engine

H₂ electrolysis (liquid)

48

43

20

H₂ electrolysis (NH3)

34

43

14

H₂-SMR-CCS (gas)

61

43

26

Same as above, but application in vehicle with (modified) internal combustion engine

H₂-SMR-CCS (liquid)

49

43

21

H₂-SMR-CCS (NH₃)

31

43

13

Synfuel-NH₃

43

43

18

[47, 58,59,60,61]

The efficiency of NH₃ production is 67% 47. In addition, energy is used for storage (37.8 kWh/t NH₃) 58. The energy required for transport (0.03 GJ/GJ_fuel) and tank infrastructure (0.01 GJ/GJ) are assumed to be the same as for methanol. The efficiency of an ICE is assumed to be similar to that of a diesel engine 59,60,61.]

Synfuel-FT-DAC

38

43

16

[46, 52, 62]

FT synfuels are produced with an efficiency of 69% 46. In addition, energy is used for CO₂ capture (1.5 MWh/tCO₂) 62, transport (0.03 GJ/GJ_fuel), distribution (0.01 GJ/GJ_fuel), storage (0.0025 GJ/GJ) and tank infrastructure (0.01 GJ/GJ) 52.

Synfuel-MeOH-DAC

40

43

17

[46, 52, 62, 63]

Efficiency of MeOH production is 80% 46. In addition, energy is used for CO₂ capture (1,5 MWh/tCO₂) 62, transport (0.07 GJ/GJ_fuel), storage (0.01 GJ/GJ) and tank infrastructure (0.01 GJ/GJ) 52. The ICE efficiency is similar to that of a diesel engine 63.

Bio-FT-liquids

(cellulose)

59

43

25

[64, 65]

Based on a range of efficiencies: 45–73%

Bioethanol (cellulose)

43

43

18

[66]

Based on a range of efficiencies: 32–54%