Table 1 Overview of reviewed studies

Cycling Objects (What)

E-bikes

[19]

Shifting gears on sustainable transport transitions: Stakeholder perspectives on e-bikes in Toronto, Canada

Explore how governance actors in the transport system perceive e-bikes

- Explore how governance stakeholders see the role of e-bikes in sustainability transitions

- Explore their role in uptake or rejection of the technology

Transportation governance actors (”strategic policy development, regulation, enforcement and infrastructure management in the City of Toronto, Canada”) pp.199–200

[39]

Benign mobility? Electric bicycles, sustainable transport consumption behaviour and socio-technical transitions in Nanjing, China

Analyze the role of e-bike use in the urban transport system of Nanjing

Analyse”attitudes and characteristics” (p.224) of residents towards e-bike use

(Potential) users and other mode users directly addressed through survey

[40]

The death of a transport regime? The future of electric bicycles and transportation pathways for sustainable mobility in China

- Describe the future development of e-bikes in China

- Apply the MLP to transport systems

- Identify factors that will influence the further adoption of e-bikes

- Analyse how e-bikes compare to other modes of transport

- Predict whether e-bikes will consolidate their role in the transport system, or not

(Potential) users and other mode users directly addressed through survey

[73]

Spontaneous emergence versus technology management in sustainable mobility transitions: Electric bicycles in China

Explore reasons and mechanisms behind the rise of e-bikes in China

- Analyze why e-bike emerged in absence of active policy support in China

- Multi-scalar MLP application to explain change processes in the e-bike market

Market and policy-actors

Bikeshare systems (BSS)

[53]

Towards inclusive transport landscapes: Re-visualizing a Bicycle Sharing Scheme in Santiago Metropolitan Region

- Analyze the implications of introducing a BSS in its social and institutional dimensions

- Introduce a new tool for managing BSS in a Global South context

Combining the MLP with alluvial diagrams and circular dendrograms to inform planning and operation of BSS

- Focus on local authorities (comunas), but also public and private transport planners and policy-makers

- Undifferentiated users that provide data for improving services (BSS-users compared to other public space users)

[63]

The Governance Challenge within Socio-Technical Transition Processes: Public Bicycles and Smartphone-Based Bicycles in Guangzhou, China

Analyse how technological transport innovations affect modes of urban governance

Explore the effects of change from public bikes to technology- enhanced sharing systems had on mobility governance in Guangzhu, China

o

[60]

Bicycle Policy in Mexico City: Urban Experiments and Differentiated Citizenship

Examine how bicycle policy (sustainable transport innovation) affects urban citizenship unequally in different parts of Mexico City

Apply a”Cities and Low carbon Transitions framework” [21] to evaluate and conceptualize transport as a socio-technical system

- Introduce urban citizenship concepts to emphasize how cycling infrastructure affects inequality [33]

Policy-actors: BSS-firms, urban administrators, NGOs and advocates

[61]

Social enterprise as catalyst of transformation in the micro-mobility sector

- Introduce social entrepreneurship to sustainability transitions research

- How social enterprises as innovations interact with the existing socio-technical transport regime

Describe how a local University bikeshare scheme grew to become the first established bikeshare operator in Manila

Social entrepreneurs, volunteer community around it and advocacies

[57]

Policy, users and discourses: Examples from bikeshare programs in (Kolkata) India and (Manila) Philippines

Examine how cycling transitions play out in Manila and Kalkota with a focus on bikeshare schemes (PEDL, Kolkata & UPBS, Manila)

Investigate the dynamics in changing administrative regulations and the role of bikeshare users through a novel transitions framework focusing on administrative and socio-institutional practices mediated by user roles and discourses (political, cultural and smart)

Based on (Schot et al., 2016) users are:

- producer of new practices, legitimators of visions and aspirations

- intermediaries shaping and (re-)aligning systems’ elements

- citizens becoming active in challenging existing regimes, while nurturing and protecting the niche, and

- consumers who purchase the cycling service

[18]

The Dynamics of Public Participation in New Technology Transitions: The Case of Dockless Bicycle Hire in Manchester

Examine how and why an innovation (local BSS) failed in Manchester

Understand the political and public implications of a niche innovation

Local public authorities, bikeshare provider, the public as end-users, particularly young people

[45]

Dockless bikeshare in Amsterdam: a mobility justice perspective on niche framing struggles

Analyse bikeshare actors attempts towards legitimization

Integration of mobility justice and socio-technical transitions concepts

Bikeshare providers, researchers supporting sharing economy (niche)

city government, conventional BSS providers, NGOs, researchers wary of the sharing economy, organized residents

[66]

Ripples through the city: Understanding the processes set in motion through embedding a public bike sharing scheme in a city

Explore the effects of introducing a public bikeshare scheme (dublinbikes) to an urban system

Apply a MLP to map the existing socio-technical transport system and the disruptive and reconfiguring effects of the bikeshare scheme after break-through

Cycling advocacies, users

[67]

Business model innovation and socio-technical transitions. A new prospective framework with an application to bike sharing

Develop a prospective transition framework

Investigate potential for various bikeshare providers’ business models to grow (scale) based on increasing returns, industry structure around the innovation and the institutional context

bikeshare providers, industry and public institutions

Measures addressing cycling (How)

Infrastructural interventions

[22]

Encountering bikelash: Experiences and lessons from New Zealand communities

To investigate organized, community-level, opposition to bike lanes (bikelash)

- What are the motivations for bikelash?

- What are the experiences of supporters (e.g., local council and transport agency planners) and opponents (e.g., conservative community members and local retailers)?

- What are the responses to bikelash?

Supporters and opponents of bicycle infrastructure

[68]

White line fever: a sociotechnical perspective on the contested implementation of an urban bike lane network

Develop a ST-systems perspective to capture dynamics of social and technical elements

- Investigate how the bike networked developed after implementation

- Explore how bike lane implementation affected the urban transport system

o

Policy and planning (innovation)

[8]

The challenge of the bicycle street: Applying collaborative governance processes while protecting user centred innovations

Explore how collaborative governance affects SNMP exemplified through the bicycle street as a policy innovation

- Describe how bicycle streets originated and developed in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands to protect cycling practices

- describe challenges of collaborative governance and protecting practices through a case of a bicycle street in Eindhoven

o

[44]

The legal street: a scarcity approach to urban open space in mobility transitions

Identify and compare spatial allocation and appropriation by bicycles and cars and how they affect sustainable mobility transitions

- Identify regulations for space allocations

- Identify practices for appropriating space

- Explore the implications on mobility transitions

o

[36]

Reinventing the bicycle: how calculative practices shape urban environmental governance

Explore how novel knowledge-producing practices affect how cycling is known, made visible and governed

Analyse how calculative devices (a form of epistemic practice, such as accident statistics, or cost–benefit analysis) were used to understand and act upon cycling in Copenhagen since the 1900s

Urban planners as main users of calculative devices

[28]

Urban transport transitions: Copenhagen, City of Cyclists

Derive insights from Copenhagen’s bicycle strategy by assessing in which aspects it has worked (success), where it didn’t work (limitations), and the reproducibility of the strategy

Investigate the role of market-based, soft policy and command-and-control measures since the 2000s to advance cycling in Copenhagen

o

Comprehensive systems perspective

[58]

Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions: Mobilising Berlin’s cycling renaissance

Explore a proposed learning

relationship on cycling policy

- Multi-actor analysis to understand the role of policy in Berlin’s cycling increase

- Analysis of Manchester’s policies and interviews with planning and policy actors to understand the adoption of Berlin’s model

o

[4]

Hot or not? The role of cycling in ASEAN megacities: Case studies of Bangkok and Manila

Apply TIS-approach to cycling

- Describe cycling in Bangkok and Manila (status-quo and advances)

- Describe necessary steps to develop cycling’s role in the transport systems

- test TIS-framework on sustainable transport

Policy-makers (as this is the take-away of the TIS-framework

[13]

A socio-technical transition framework for introducing cycling in developing megacities: The case of Istanbul

Introduce a framework to facilitate transitions towards cycling in developing Megacities where cycling is marginalized

- Apply the MLP to Istanbul’s ST-transport system around cycling

- Suggest pathways for cycling transitions in Istanbul

(potential) cyclists and”experts” (urban or transport planners, engineers and public administrators

[56]

Cycling the city, re-imagining the city: Envisioning urban sustainability transitions in Thailand

Demonstrating the relevance of’urban imaginaries’ envisioned by’change agents’ to prefigure the context of urban sustainability transitions

Describe how urban imaginaries emerge, gain substance, are communicated and mobilized

Cycling campaigners

[16]

Getting Londoners on two wheels: A comparative approach analysing London’s potential pathways to cycling transitions

Identify pathways and barriers to upscaling of London’s cycling niche

Compare historical cycling transitions in Amsterdam with the current status of cycling in London

Policy-makers, advocacies and cyclists

[12]

Bicycle commuting in an automobile‑dominated city: how individuals become and remain bike commuters in Charlotte, North Carolina

To better understand how bike commuting is adopted and maintained

Elicit bike commuting practices in Charlotte based on commuters' first-hand accounts

Experienced and novice cyclists, officials, planners and employers