Table 2 Overview of MaaS studies in the Global South

Chang et al., [8]

Yilan and Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Analysis of policy framework and lessons learned from two MaaS-pilots

MaaS in Taiwan is pushed by public actors and implemented through public–private partnership (PPP). Financially sustainable business models are yet to be developed

Chen and Chen, [9]

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess adoption decision of existing MaaS users (n = 435)

Transport integration (enabling seamless trips) rather than ticket, payment, and travel information integration is the most important factor explaining the adoption of MaaS

Dzisi et al., [11]

Ghana

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Modified Service Performance (SERVPERF) tool to assess MaaS features based on survey data (n = 910)

MaaS features that could improve the quality of existing transport services identified as (i) ticket booking, (ii) driver misbehavior reporting, (iii) cashless payments, and (iv) vehicle tracking

Dzisi et al., [12]

Sub-Saharan Africa

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Identification of opportunities and challenges of MaaS based on a literature review

Opportunities include optimization of transport resources, as well as reduced congestion and car dependence. However, re-envisioning of the known MaaS model is required

Dzisi et al., [13]

Ghana

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Modeling of operators’ adoption intention using SEM and content analysis based on interview data (n = 186)

Operator show strong interest in MaaS; however, opposition from operator unions is expected

Gandia et al., [17]

Lavras, Brazil

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Analysis of willingness to use MaaS among university students (n = 307) using descriptive statistics and classification algorithms

MaaS is likely to attract young, price-sensitive segments. It is also seen as a suitable strategy to promote alternative modes (e.g., cycling or carpooling)

Hasselwander and Bigotte, [23]

Global South

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Barriers identification and assessment based on two-round expert survey (n = 29; n = 21)

Relevant developing countries specific barriers concern auto-centric developments and the integration of informal transport. Overall, data related issues have been identified as the most critical barrier

Hasselwander et al., [24]

Metro Manila, Philippines

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Binary probit model of stated interest to adopt MaaS based on online survey data (n = 238)

Users show strong interest in MaaS, especially due to anticipated cost savings and increased reliability

Hasselwander et al., [25]

Global South

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Expected diffusion of MaaS into developing countries based on multiple case analysis

MaaS platforms show great interest in the large markets of the Global South. Yet, rather slow expansion activities are expected due to the low replicability of the business model

Hasselwander et al., [26]

Metro Manila, Philippines

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Accessibility calculation of MaaS-scenario using micro-simulation with open data (e.g., satellite imagery, OSM)

Transport integration under MaaS (i.e., informal transport services and micro-mobility) can significantly improve the access to the transit network

Ho and Tirachini, [29]

Developing countries (and case study of Santiago, Chile)

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Literature review to identify needs and challenges of MaaS in developing countries

Institutional and financial constraints pose major challenges for MaaS to scale in developing countries

Ho and Tirachini, [31]

Yilan, Taiwan

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Optimization modeling of MaaS package design to maximize profit for MaaS operator using travel survey data (n = 1,276)

MaaS packages are expected to unlock benefits to both operators (more cost-effective services) and users (cost savings)

Hu et al., [34]

Dhaka,

Bangladesh

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Micro-simulation and real-world pilot of a demand-responsive MaaS(-like) scheme

MaaS is an ideal setting to optimize vehicle scheduling of public transport (that currently run without timetables) to reduce passenger waiting times

Kamau et al., [35]

Istanbul, Turkey

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Analysis of barriers’ contextual relationships using TISM and MICMAC methods based on literature review and expert survey (n = 13)

The most significant barrier relates to existing regulatory frameworks, while barriers related to users and operators are found to be less relevant

Khaimook et al., [36]

Phuket, Thailand

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User survey (n = 181) and trial experiment to analyze MaaS’ potential to build safety awareness and enhance road safety

Usability and useful information on the MaaS app could influence and change in travel behavior

Li et al., [40]

China

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Analysis of mode choice preference of tourists for MaaS using stated preference experiments (n = 1,945)

Mode characteristics only influence mode choices of travelers with weak mode preferences. Preferences for MaaS are influenced by changes in tour experience and daily travel habits

Loubser et al., [41]

South Africa

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Development of user framework for MaaS based on literature review

The potential userbase for MaaS can be evaluated from the population perspective and the travel mode perspective

Narupiti, [48]

Bangkok, Thailand

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Scenario analysis based on literature review and stakeholder interviews

Three possible options for the MaaS provider are identified: public transport service provider, private transport service provider and third party, and PPP

Pickford and Chung, [51]

Hongkong (and Brisbane)

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Proposal of a new MaaS model (“MaaS Lite”) based on a simpler organizational arrangement; applied to two case studies

The MaaS Lite model facilitates the application of MaaS to different environments with different regulatory regimes, population densities, and car ownership levels

Qiuchen et al., [54]

Shenzhen, China

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Actor analysis of the integration of self-driving mini-buses into MaaS using data from literature review and expert and stakeholder interviews

Understanding of system structures and stakeholder perceptions – e.g., by using AFG (Action, Factor and Goal) checklist – is essential for transport integration under MaaS

Singh, [55]

Kochi, India

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Case study of a MaaS pilot

The feasibility of an adjusted MaaS model that augments governance and service provision specifically to the developing country context is highlighted

Ye at el., [61]

Anting New Town (in the suburbs of Shanghai), China

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Acceptance analysis with UTAUT model based on survey data (n = 600)

Success factors for MaaS include effective promotion campaigns, improved user experience, protection of user data, and customized mobility packages

Zhang and Zhang, [62]

China

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Comparative analysis of MaaS development based on literature review and case studies

Proposal of an alliance-based model for MaaS implementation and highlighting the importance of stakeholder cooperation, government support, and data sharing