Table 4 Opportunities and barriers for MaaS in the Global South

Digitize public transport services and optimize transport resources [12, 34]

Difficulty to integrate informal transport services [12, 23, 29]

Integrate fragmented services into a single and intuitive platform [29]

Lack of financial resources [12, 23, 29, 35]

Formalize and enhance regulation of transport services [55]

Need for stakeholder cooperation [23, 35, 51]

Increase access to public transport through the integration of first/last mile solutions [26, 51]

Data related issues [23, 29, 35, 51]

Promote alternative transport modes [8, 17, 29]

Legal concerns and conflicts [23, 35]

Institutional development of transport agencies [55]

Challenge to identify viable business model [8, 23, 35]

Induce modal shifts [8, 24, 29]

Lack of available infrastructure [12, 23, 35]