Table 5 Modelling results (OLS1 and OLS2 refer to a cross-sectional linear regression model where train operator characteristics are represented by a long-distance operator dummy variable and a continuous average fare variable respectively; RE refers to a random effects panel data model)

Average passenger lateness

.0024***

.0021***

.0024***

(\(-\)0.0005)

(\(-\)0.0004)

(\(-\)0.0005)

% stops delayed by over 15 min

\(-\)0.0444

\(-\)0.0378

\(-\)0.0559

(\(-\)0.0545)

(\(-\)0.0476)

(\(-\)0.062)

Long distance

.0045***

.0049***

(\(-\)0.0012)

(\(-\)0.0016)

London and South East

.0017**

.0023***

0.0015

(\(-\)0.0008)

(\(-\)0.0007)

(\(-\)0.0011)

LNER 2019

.0096***

.009***

.0096***

(\(-\)0.0021)

(\(-\)0.002)

(\(-\)0.002)

2017

\(-\)0.0005

\(-\)0.0004

\(-\)0.0005

(\(-\)0.0008)

(\(-\)0.0007)

(\(-\)0.0007)

2018

\(-\)0.0001

0.0001

0

(\(-\)0.0008)

(\(-\)0.0007)

(\(-\)0.0007)

2019

0.0005

0.0007

0.0005

(\(-\)0.0008)

(\(-\)0.0008)

(\(-\)0.0007)

Average fare

.0002***

(0)

Constant

\(-\).0025**

\(-\).0038***

\(-\).0022*

(\(-\)0.001)

(\(-\)0.0009)

(\(-\)0.0012)

N

48

48

48

R-squared

0.89

0.91

0.91